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In this work, an analytical model is developed for DM-DG-TMD-FET- based Biosensor including Fringing-field effects. The Analytical model has been developed for two different Device structures, namely Device structure-1 (without a gate above the nano-cavity) and Device structure-2 (with a gate above the nano-cavity) based on modulation of the dielectric constant of biomolecules in the nano-cavity region. The proposed model has been validated against both numerical quantum simulation results with the help of a few fitting parameters and it also agrees with the 2-dimensional numeric simulator SILVACO TCAD used in this work. The presence/absence of biomolecules has been detected by the metric of threshold voltage sensitivity S Vth and drain current I d for the neutral as well as charged biomolecules. Sensitivities of partially filled nano-cavities arising out of steric hindrance in both the biosensors are compared. Optimization of device dimensions has also been included in this work to enhance the sensitivity of the biosensors. It has been witnessed that the sensitivity of the proposed biosensor is ∼ 100% higher in Device structure-1 for neutral biomolecules with dielectric constant κ  = 12, when compared to Device structure-2 for fully filled cavities. Whereas for the charged biomolecules, Device structure-1 shows ∼ 50% enhanced sensitivity than Device structure-2 for N f = - 1 × 10 - 12 C / cm 2 . Device structure-1 demonstrates ∼ 120% higher sensitivity than Device structure-2 with partially filled cavities (i.e. 66% filled cavity). Finally, benchmarking of the proposed biosensor is presented with contemporary, state-of-the-art biosensors and it is highlighted that M o S 2 FET-based biosensor emerges with a superior sensitivity of S Vth  = 0.81 V for κ = 12 .

In this work, a charge plasma TMD heterojunction tunnel FET-based dielectrically modulated biosensor is designed and investigated for biosensing applications. In the proposed biosensor, WTe 2 and MoS 2 serve as the source and channel material, respectively to form the heterojunction. Whereas the channel-drain junction is a homojunction formed by MoS 2 . The advantage of heterojunction has been exploited to overcome the low I ON and ambipolar behavior of TFET, which results in the enhancement of sensitivity. The charge plasma doping has been utilized to mitigate random dopant variations, reduce manufacturing expenses, and simplify the fabrication process. Non-equilibrium green’s function (NEGF)-based simulator and SILVACO TCAD, a 2-D device simulator have been utilized to simulate the electrical characteristics of the proposed biosensor. Uniform filling of the cavities in biosensors is not always practically possible; thus, the issue of partial hybridization is also considered in this work. The proposed biosensor (for k = 9) achieves a high sensitivity of 10 10 , an I ON /I OFF ratio of 10 14 , and a low subthreshold swing of 39 mV/decade. Finally, the proposed biosensor is benchmarked with contemporary works of the literature and it has been observed that the presented charge plasma TMD heterojunction TFET (CP-TMD-HJ-TFET)-based biosensor has emerged to have a superior sensitivity (i.e. I ON /I OFF ratio) which is ∼ 4 decades higher than the maximum sensitivity reported by any contemporary biosensor.

Abstract The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Angiotensin-II secreted during the RAAS pathway increases nephropathy. It stimulates oxidative stress which can quench nitric oxide. Reduced nitric oxide level aggravates Ang-II-induced vasoconstriction. Ang-II has also emerged as a central mediator of the glomerular hemodynamic changes that are associated with renal injury. Deletion of ACE2 is also noted due to increased Ang-II level which leads to the development of DN. We hypothesize that nephropathy caused by Ang-II in the periphery may be controlled by brain RAAS. ACE inhibitors and ARBs may show the renoprotective effect when administered through ICV without crossing the blood-brain barrier. DN was observed after 8 weeks of diabetes induction through alloxan. Administration of captopril and valsartan once and in combined therapy for 2 weeks, significantly reduced urine output, blood urea nitrogen, total protein in the urine, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, serum triglycerides, and kidney/body weight ratio as compared to diabetic control rats. Further, combination therapy significantly increased the body weight and serum nitrate level as compared to diabetic control animals. However, increased ACE2 levels in the brain may reduce the sympathetic outflow and might have decreased the peripheral activity of Ang-II which shows beneficial effects in DN.

Thin films of CrMoVN are deposited on c‐plane sapphire (Al2O3 (0001)) by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering, to investigate the effects of Mo and V addition to CrN‐based films. All films grow epitaxially, but Mo incorporation affects the crystal structure and nitrogen content. All films in the CrMoVN series are understoichiometric in nitrogen, but largely retain the NaCl B1 structure of stoichiometric CrN films. Addition of vanadium increases the phase‐stability range of the cubic phase, allowing for higher solubility of Mo than what has previously been reported for cubic CrN. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity are greatly affected by the alloying, showing a decrease of the Seebeck coefficient along with a decrease in resistivity. Cr0.83Mo0.11V0.06Nz shows a 70% increase in power factor (S2σ = 0.22 mW m−1 K−2) compared to the reference CrNz (S2σ = 0.13 mW m−1 K−2). Thermoelectric (TE) materials are in use in several applications, but often have too low efficiency. For more widespread use of these materials, fundamental research on TE material system is necessary. In this work, alloying in CrN, with the hope of pushing a material with great promise closer to applications, is investigated.

In the present study, we tested the antioxidant activity of phycoerythrin (PE, an oligomeric light harvesting protein isolated from Lyngbya sp. A09DM) to curtail aging effects in Caenorhabditis elegans . Purified PE (100 μg/ml) dietary supplement was given to C. elegans and investigated for its anti-aging potential. PE treatment improved the mean life span of wild type (N2)-animals from 15 ± 0.1 to 19.9 ± 0.3 days. PE treatment also moderated the decline in aging-associated physiological functions like pharyngeal pumping and locomotion with increasing age of N2 worms. Moreover, PE treatment also enhanced the stress tolerance in 5-day-aged adults with increase in mean survival rate from 22.2 ± 2.5 to 41.6 ± 2.5 % under thermo stress and from 30.1 ± 3.2 to 63.1 ± 6.4 % under oxidative (hydrogen peroxide)-stress. PE treatment was also noted to moderate the heat-induced expression of human amyloid-beta(Aβ 1-42 ) peptide and associated paralysis in the muscle tissues of transgenic C. elegans CL4176 (Alzheimer’s disease model). Effectiveness of PE in expanding the life span of mutant C. elegans , knockout for some up ( daf - 2 and age - 1 )- and down ( daf - 16 )-stream regulators of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS), shows the independency of PE effect from DAF-2–AGE-1–DAF-16 signaling pathway. Moreover, the inability of PE in expanding the life span of hsf - 1 knockout C. elegans ( sy441 ) suggests the dependency of PE effect on heat shock transcription factor (HSF-1) controlling stress-induced gene expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a novel anti-aging activity of PE which conferred increased resistance to cellular stress resulting in improved life span and health span of C. elegans .

Listening to music through a portable personal music system (PMS) is a growing trend, especially among the youth. The preferred listening level in such kinds of PMS has been reported to cross the safe levels and its impact on the auditory system was demonstrated in several previous investigations. Owing to the commonality in several aspects between the auditory and the vestibular systems, it appears likely that the deleterious effects of PMS use could also be impinging on the vestibular system, which has never been investigated. The present study therefore, aimed at evaluating the effects of PMS use on the sacculocollic reflex assessed by the cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) technique. Thirty-two regular PMS users and 32 nonregular PMS users underwent cVEMP testing using alternating polarity 500 Hz tone bursts. The results revealed no significant group difference in latencies and interaural asymmetry ratio. However, the cVEMP was significantly reduced in the group of individuals in whom the diffused field equivalent sound pressure levels (SPLs) were above the damage risk criteria (DRC) compared to those with diffused field equivalent SPLs below it (P< 0.01). Therefore, the use of PMS at high levels of volume controls could be deleterious to the vestibular well-being of an individual.

A dual-gate electrostatically-doped monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide tunneling field-effect transistor (EDTFET) and a chemically-doped monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide tunneling field-effect transistor (CDTFET) have been investigated using non-equilibrium Green function formalism for subdeca nanometer (sub-10 nm) technology nodes. The EDTFET and CDTFET structures are proposed to achieve high performance and low power, and benchmarked with IRDS 2022 projections for 2025, 2028, 2031, and 2034. The EDTFET for VDG=VDS= 0.65 V and VSG=-0.65 V exhibits better performance than IRDS 2022 projections in terms of subthreshold swing (SS) with a value of 43 mV/dec. Moreover, the scalability analysis confirmed that the channel length LCH≥7 nm exhibits comparable ION as per IRDS 2022 projections and other state of the art 2-D material TFETs. A comparison study has been performed between three different doping techniques, EDTFET, CDTFET, and dual metal charge plasma-doped (CPTFET), to choose the doping technique which is suitable for sub-10 nm high-performance technology nodes. The ION, ION/IOFF ratio, and SS for EDTFET were 1385 μA/μm, 1.38×105, and 54 mV/dec, respectively, better than IRDS 2022 predictions, therefore projecting it as a suitable candidate for low-power and high-performance applications. The EDTFET exhibits the highest ION, and comparable ION/IOFF and SS compared to the two alternative doping techniques utilizing 2-D TMD materials at sub-10 nm technology nodes. Finally, a circuit level comparison for low-power and high-performance applications has also been performed for 45 stages of the inverter circuit at subdeca nanometer technology nodes.

Although various algorithms and strategies have been proposed for predicting depression and anxiety, none of the work is still suggested for an automated system for an early assessment of Dysthymia. This study aimed to enhance the accuracy of early diagnosis for Persistent Depression Disorder (PDD) through an improved machine learning technique utilizing the stacking SVM ensemble approach. To expedite the initial screening of dysthymia in students, a quantitative analysis of behavioral data based on machine learning was employed. The research collected behavioral data from 137 college students, and the gathered data was used for model development and experimentation. The findings revealed that PDD was predominantly prevalent among middle-class undergraduates majoring in non-technical fields. Notably, PDD rates were higher among rural undergraduates from both high- and low-income backgrounds. The proposed stacked SVM model demonstrated superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 89.4%. Detecting PDD early among undergraduates is crucial for mental health professionals, and the stacked SVM method proved effective in this aspect.

Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) presently utilized as a part of special structures subjected to dynamic loads for example airport pavements, expressways overlays, bridge decks and machine foundations. In most cases, FRC contains just a single kind of fibre. The utilization of at least two kinds of fibres in an appropriate mix can possibly improve the mechanical properties of concrete and result in performance synergy. The audit demonstrates that the blend of fibre allows a more powerful control of the dynamic crack development. This review analyses the components for synergistic impacts that gives direction on the fiber and matrix choice.