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Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are phosphoric acid derivatives represented by the formula (R2XP=O/S), R as organic groups; however, they need not contain a direct carbon-phosphorus bond. The organophosphorus compounds can be categorized into three classes, viz., organophosphates, carbamates nerve agents. The OPs having application as insecticides are generally phosphorothioates (i.e., containing P=S bond). These sulfur analogs are first bioactivated (in vivo) and converted to oxygen analogs responsible for exerting toxic action. These organophosphorus compounds are esters, fluorides, anhydrides, and amides of phosphoric, phosphorothioate, and phosphorodithioic acids. The toxicity of OPs is related to their molecular structure, metabolism in the targeted organisms, concentration, mode of decomposition, application, ingestion in organisms, etc. Exposure to OPs leads to the appearance of neurological symptoms followed by acute poisoning by targeting the target primarily, acetylcholine (AChE). However, secondary targets and other harmful effects besides nerve system problems are also reported. Organophosphates poison insects and other animals, including birds, amphibians, and mammals. These chemicals can have neural effects (Neurotoxicity), non-neuronal effects, or acute toxicity, which may also result in fatality. Their uncontrollable widespread became a significant threat to the environment; thus, corrective measures have been essential to save living beings and the environment from further damage.

CRISPR/Cas9 system of RNA-guided genome editing is revolutionizing genetics research in a wide spectrum of organisms. Even for the laboratory mouse, a model that has thrived under the benefits of embryonic stem (ES) cell knockout capabilities for nearly three decades, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 technology enables one to manipulate the genome with unprecedented simplicity and speed. It allows generation of null, conditional, precisely mutated, reporter, or tagged alleles in mice. Moreover, it holds promise for other applications beyond genome editing. The crux of this system is the efficient and targeted introduction of DNA breaks that are repaired by any of several pathways in a predictable but not entirely controllable manner. Thus, further optimizations and improvements are being developed. Here, we summarize current applications and provide a practical guide to use the CRISPR/Cas9 system for mouse mutagenesis, based on published reports and our own experiences. We discuss critical points and suggest technical improvements to increase efficiency of RNA-guided genome editing in mouse embryos and address practical problems such as mosaicism in founders, which complicates genotyping and phenotyping. We describe a next-generation sequencing strategy for simultaneous characterization of on- and off-target editing in mice derived from multiple CRISPR experiments. Additionally, we report evidence that elevated frequency of precise, homology-directed editing can be achieved by transient inhibition of the Ligase IV-dependent nonhomologous end-joining pathway in one-celled mouse embryos.

The exploration of multicolor emitting phosphors with single phase is extremely important for n-UV chip excited LED/WLED’s and multicolor display devices. In this paper, Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ singly doped and Dy 3+ /Ho 3+ co-doped CaTiO 3 phosphor materials have been synthesized by solid state reaction method at 1473 K. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, FTIR, PL and lifetime measurements. The PL emission spectra of Dy 3+ doped CaTiO 3 phosphors give intense blue and yellow emissions under UV excitation, while the PL emission spectra of Ho 3+ doped CaTiO 3 phosphor show intense green emission under UV/blue excitations. Further, to get the multicolor emission including white light, Dy 3+ and Ho 3+ were co-doped simultaneously in CaTiO 3 host. It is found that alongwith colored and white light emissions, it also shows energy transfer from Dy 3+ to Ho 3+ with 367 nm and from Ho 3+ to Dy 3+ under 362 nm excitations. The energy transfer efficiency is found to be 67.76% and 69.39% for CaTiO 3 :4Dy 3+ /3Ho 3+ and CaTiO 3 :3Ho 3+ /5Dy 3+ phosphors, respectively. The CIE color coordinates, CCT and color purity of the phosphors have been calculated, which show color tunability from whitish to deep green via greenish yellow color. The lifetime of 4 F 9/2 level of Dy 3+ ion and 5 S 2 level of Ho 3+ ion is decreased in presence of Ho 3+ and Dy 3+ ions, respectively. This is due to energy transfer from Dy 3+ to Ho 3+ ions and vice versa. A temperature dependent photoluminescence studied of CaTiO 3 :4Dy 3+ /2Ho 3+ phosphor show a high thermal stability (82% at 423 K of initial temperature 303 K) in the temperature range 303–483 K with activation energy 0.17 eV. The PLQY are 30%, 33% and 35% for CaTiO 3 :4Dy 3+ , CaTiO 3 :4Dy 3+ /2Ho 3+ and CaTiO 3 :3Ho 3+ phosphors, respectively. Hence, Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ singly doped and Dy 3+ /Ho 3+ co-doped CaTiO 3 phosphor materials can be used in the field of single matrix perovskite color tunable phosphors which may be used in multicolor display devices, n-UV chip excited LED/WLED’s and photodynamic therapy for the cancer treatment.

Positron emission tomography with selective radioligands advances the drug discovery and development process by revealing information about target engagement, proof of mechanism, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential and highly significant tool to study therapeutic drug development, dose regimen, and the drug plasma concentrations of new drug candidates. Selective radioligands bring up target-specific information in several disease states including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological conditions by quantifying various rates of biological processes with PET, which are associated with its physiological changes in living subjects, thus it reveals disease progression and also advances the clinical investigation. This study explores the major roles, applications, and advances of PET molecular imaging in drug discovery and development process with a wide range of radiochemistry as well as clinical outcomes of positron-emitting carbon-11 and fluorine-18 radiotracers.

Infertility is a prevalent health issue, affecting ∼15% of couples of childbearing age. Nearly one-half of idiopathic infertility cases are thought to have a genetic basis, but the underlying causes are largely unknown. Traditional methods for studying inheritance, such as genome-wide association studies and linkage analyses, have been confounded by the genetic and phenotypic complexity of reproductive processes. Here we describe an association- and linkagefree approach to identify segregating infertility alleles, in which CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is used to model putatively deleterious nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in the mouse orthologs of fertility genes. Mice bearing “humanized” alleles of four essential meiosis genes, each predicted to be deleterious by most of the commonly used algorithms for analyzing functional SNP consequences, were examined for fertility and reproductive defects. Only aCdk2allele mimicking SNP rs3087335, which alters an inhibitory WEE1 protein kinase phosphorylation site, caused infertility and revealed a novel function in regulating spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. Our data indicate that segregating infertility alleles exist in human populations. Furthermore, whereas computational prediction of SNP effects is useful for identifying candidate causal mutations for diverse diseases, this study underscores the need for in vivo functional evaluation of physiological consequences. This approach can revolutionize personalized reproductive genetics by establishing a permanent reference of benign vs. infertile alleles.

Counterproductive work behavior encompasses a spectrum of deviant actions by employees that can negatively influence both organizational outcomes and interpersonal dynamics within the workplace. The literature comprises numerous studies that relate CWB to its antecedents, such as organizational situations and personality traits. However, the existing literature does not adequately explore demographic variables in relation to CWB. This study addresses that gap by exploring variations in CWB across employee groups differentiated by age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, tenure, and professional domain. Data were gathered from a sample of 719 employees employed in various manufacturing and IT firms in Bangalore. The results reveal that male, younger, married employees and those with shorter tenure exhibit certain dimensions of CWB more frequently than their counterparts. Additionally, the study highlights that behaviors related to \"misuse of time and resources\" and \"sabotage\" show significant variation depending on employees' educational background and work domain.

Background Myopia is a growing public health concern among school-going children, with increased screen time and reduced outdoor activities contributing to its early onset and rapid progression. In India, the absence of a standardized, population-based dataset reflecting socio-economic and environmental diversity limits the development of accurate prediction tools. This study aims to design and validate an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model to analyze and predict myopia progression among children aged 6 to 18 years in urban and rural areas. Methods This is a prospective, community-based study conducted in two phases across five districts of Bhopal division, India. Phase one involves a cross-sectional survey of approximately 5,000 school children to collect demographic and ocular health data, including visual acuity, refractive error, axial length, corneal parameters, and lifestyle factors. In phase two, a longitudinal cohort comprising 10% of the phase one participants (balanced for existing and non-existing myopia cases) will be followed every 6 months over 2 years. Machine learning algorithms, including linear regression, support vector machines, XGBoost, and deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks, will be trained on this dataset. An AI-based mobile application will be developed to enable field-level prediction and screening. Discussion This study will generate the first large-scale Indian dataset on myopia progression among children, incorporating diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The validated AI model and mobile application will support early identification of at-risk children, optimize resource allocation, and inform national screening strategies. By integrating real-time data analytics with field-l. Trial registration CTRI/2025/07/091243. Registered on 21/07/2025.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of financial advertising, financial awareness, and sustainable image on the investment intentions of retail investors, highlighting the mediating role of consumer attitude. The research utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explain the relationship of attitudinal, normative, and control-related factors influencing investment intentions. A quantitative research design was employed to obtain data from 521 retail investors in India through a structured questionnaire. This study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for analysis. The results demonstrate that financial advertising, financial awareness, and a sustainable image significantly and positively impact investment intention. Customer attitude serves as a partial mediator. The report offers suggestions for financial institutions, politicians, and marketers to develop successful communication strategies, enhance financial literacy, and sustainable investment products in emerging economies. This study contributed the literature on sustainable finance and investor psychology by integrating sustainable image into the Theory of Planned Behavior framework. Moreover, this study highlighted the role attitudinal factors to influence investment behavior in an emerging market.

Many of the most highly conserved elements in the human genome are “poison exons,” alternatively spliced exons that contain premature termination codons and permit post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA abundance through induction of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Poison exons are widely assumed to be highly conserved due to their presumed importance for organismal fitness, but this functional importance has never been tested in the context of a whole organism. Here, we report that a poison exon in Smndc1 is conserved across mammals and plants and plays a molecular autoregulatory function in both kingdoms. We generated mouse and A . thaliana models lacking this poison exon to find its loss leads to deregulation of SMNDC1 protein levels, pervasive alterations in mRNA processing, and organismal size restriction. Together, these models demonstrate the importance of poison exons for both molecular and organismal phenotypes that likely explain their extraordinary conservation.

Sex determination in mammals is governed by antagonistic interactions of two genetic pathways, imbalance in which may lead to disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) in human. Among 46,XX individuals with testicular DSD (TDSD) or ovotesticular DSD (OTDSD), testicular tissue is present in the gonad. Although the testis-determining gene SRY is present in many cases, the etiology is unknown in most SRY-negative patients. We performed exome sequencing on 78 individuals with 46,XX TDSD/OTDSD of unknown genetic etiology and identified seven (8.97%) with heterozygous variants affecting the fourth zinc finger (ZF4) of Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) (p.Ser478Thrfs*17, p.Pro481Leufs*15, p.Lys491Glu, p.Arg495Gln [x3], p.Arg495Gly). The variants were de novo in six families (P = 4.4 × 10−6), and the incidence of WT1 variants in 46,XX DSD is enriched compared to control populations (P < 1.8 × 10−4). The introduction of ZF4 mutants into a human granulosa cell line resulted in up-regulation of endogenous Sertoli cell transcripts and Wt1Arg495Gly/Arg495Gly XX mice display masculinization of the fetal gonads. The phenotype could be explained by the ability of the mutated proteins to physically interact with and sequester a key pro-ovary factor β-CATENIN, which may lead to up-regulation of testis-specific pathway. Our data show that unlike previous association of WT1 and 46,XY DSD, ZF4 variants of WT1 are a relatively common cause of 46,XX TDSD/OTDSD. This expands the spectrum of phenotypes associated with WT1 variants and shows that the WT1 protein affecting ZF4 can function as a protestis factor in an XX chromosomal context.