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Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC and OPSCC), two major sub-types of Head and Neck cancer, remain associated with significant morbidity and exhibit poor prognosis, with limited response to conventional therapies in advanced stages. Recent therapeutic strategies have increasingly focused on molecular targets involved in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. This overview provides a concise synthesis of targeted therapies under investigation or already in clinical use, including monoclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (e.g., cetuximab) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab), as well as inhibitors of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) or agents targeting angiogenic and intracellular signaling pathways such as VEGF and mTOR. Alongside these novel agents, growing interest surrounds the repurposing of established pharmacological agents which appear to modulate tumor-related inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Metformin and statins, for instance, have demonstrated anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in preclinical OSCC models. Notably, recent evidence suggests that regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, may improve survival specifically in patients with PIK3CA-altered Head and Neck tumors, potentially through modulation of the COX-2/PGE2 axis. Although prospective evidence remains limited and somewhat heterogeneous, existing preclinical and observational studies suggest that these agents may improve survival and reduce treatment-related toxicity, further pointing to the relevance of molecular stratification in guiding future repurposing strategies. This article aims to map the current therapeutic landscape, highlighting both established molecular targets and emerging repositioned drugs in the management of OSCC and OPSCC.

: Financial toxicity (FT) is increasingly recognised as a critical dimension of the cancer care continuum, reflecting both objective financial burden and subjective financial distress arising from cancer-related care. Head and neck cancers (HNC) may be particularly vulnerable to FT because treatment often involves multimodal care, functional morbidity, prolonged rehabilitation, and disruption to employment. This scoping review mapped and synthesised the literature on FT in a focused subset of head and neck cancers (HNC), namely malignancies of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, sinonasal tract, and major and minor salivary glands. : A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the methodological guidance of the Joanna Briggs Institute for scoping reviews to identify and synthesise studies addressing FT in the selected HNC subsites. Searches were undertaken in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, EconLit, and Global Index Medicus for English-language studies published between 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2025. The search window was restricted to this period to capture the more contemporary evolution of FT as a distinct research construct in oncology. Eligible studies included adult patients and reported patient-level FT outcomes, including direct costs, indirect costs, out-of-pocket expenditure, financial hardship, financial distress, employment disruption, or related economic strain. Findings were synthesised narratively and organised thematically. : Twenty-five studies published between 2015 and 2025 were included. The evidence base was dominated by cross-sectional and retrospective designs, with limited prospective follow-up and very little intervention-focused research. FT was conceptualised heterogeneously across studies, spanning direct expenditure, indirect and non-medical costs, subjective financial distress, and coping-related consequences. Questionnaire-based approaches were used in 13 studies, but only a smaller subset employed FT-specific instruments such as COST. Across the literature, FT was most commonly associated with lower income, weaker financial protection, employment disruption, rural residence in some settings, and more intensive treatment. Reported downstream associations included poorer quality of life, psychological distress, care alteration, and work-related burden, although evidence for treatment delay or survival effects was more limited and should be interpreted cautiously. : In this focused HNC subset, FT appears multidimensional, socially patterned, and clinically relevant. However, the literature remains methodologically fragmented, with inconsistent measurement and sparse longitudinal evidence. Future work should prioritise validated and tumour-specific assessment strategies, prospective study designs, and evaluation of mitigation interventions that address both direct and indirect burden across the cancer continuum.

BackgroundIdiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown etiology. If untreated, it can result in progressive and irreversible vision loss. This prospective observational study was carried out to describe the epidemiological risk factors and clinical profile including spectrum of ophthalmological and radiological findings in Indian population. Fifty-one consecutive newly diagnosed patients presenting between Jan 2020 and Dec 2021 were included in this study. Clinical findings, demographic details, cerebrospinal Fluid opening pressure, Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer thickness, Perimetry, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging findings were noted in a pre-designed study proforma. The collected data were put to statistical analysis to draw inference regarding the clinical, demographic, and radiological profile of IIH.ResultsFifty-one patients were enrolled in the study out of which 46 were females and 5 were males. The mean ± SD age at presentation was 30.4 (± 9.5) years. The mean ± SD Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26.66 ± 3.48 kg/m2. Headache was seen in 100% cases. Papilledema was seen in 98% cases. Enlarged blind spot was seen in 66.7% cases. Transverse Sinus Stenosis (TSS) was seen in 76.5% cases. The mean ± SD CSF opening pressure was 30.04 ± 4.176 cm H2O (range 25 cm–42 cm H2O). Cerebrospinal Fluid Opening Pressure (CSFOP) was significantly associated with severity of the headache and visual impairment with p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively. Dilated optic nerve sheath was significantly associated with severity of visual impairment.ConclusionMost common epidemiological risk factors associated with IIH in Indian population are female sex of childbearing age and obesity. Headache is the most common symptom, while papilledema is the most common clinical sign. CSF opening pressure is significantly associated with the severity of the headache and visual impairment.

Pancreatic neoplasms are associated with high morbidity and mortality, largely due to late diagnosis and challenges in accurate staging. Multiphasic computed tomography (CT) is a critical imaging tool for evaluating pancreatic masses offering detailed information on lesion characterization and surgical resectability. Precise radiological assessment is vital for treatment planning, and correlating imaging findings with histopathology improves diagnostic efficiency. This prospective study was conducted on 50 patients with clinically suspected pancreatic neoplasms who underwent multiphasic CT imaging. Non-contrast, late arterial (pancreatic phase), and portal venous phase images were acquired following standardized contrast-enhanced CT protocols. Lesions were evaluated for size, morphology, enhancement patterns, vascular involvement, and local invasion. Resectability was assessed according to the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group (DPCG) criteria. Imaging findings were correlated with the final histopathological diagnosis to determine diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. In the vast majority of cases, 43 out of 50 (86%) were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. Other diagnoses, such as mucinous cystadenoma, solid pseudo-papillary epithelial neoplasm (SPEN), and neuroendocrine tumor, were very uncommon, each making up 4% of the total cases. Multiphasic CT showed excellent sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 85.7%, respectively, in diagnosing pancreatic neoplasms. Out of 50 cases, 16 cases were found to be resectable, 10 cases were borderline resectable, and 24 cases were non-resectable, out of which 15 cases showed distant metastasis. Multiphasic CT is a highly accurate, non-invasive modality for the evaluation and characterization of pancreatic masses. It demonstrates a strong correlation with histopathological findings, reliably assesses vascular involvement, and predicts resectability according to DPCG criteria. Therefore, early and accurate CT-based evaluation is critical for optimal treatment planning and improving patient outcomes.

Aim The study aims to analyze the imaging findings of invasive rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) in patients who had COVID-19. Materials and methods This retrospective descriptive study was done on confirmed (culture and histopathology) patients who had a COVID-19 infection. The data was collected from the record section from May 2021 to June 2021. Imaging data were analyzed, and findings were tabulated according to statistical methods. Results Radiological evaluation, including CT and MRI, was done in 48 cases. The ethmoid sinus was the most common sinus involved in 60.41% of cases, followed by the maxillary sinus (52.09%). Unilateral pansinusitis was observed in 21 cases (43.75%). Among periantral extensions, retroantral fat involvement was the most common finding, seen in 24 cases (50%). Lamina papyracea and the walls of the maxillary sinus were involved in eight cases (16.67%). A total of 38 cases (79.17%) exhibited involvement of the extraconal compartment, while 32 cases (66.67%) showed involvement of the intraconal compartment. In intracranial involvement, infarct was noted in 13 cases (27%), and cavernous sinus involvement in nine cases (18.75%). Conclusions ROCM is a life-threatening fungal infection in immunocompromised patients, especially diabetics. Imaging of ROCM plays a pivotal role in early diagnosis, the extent of disease, surgical planning, prognosis, and the response to treatment. Radiologists must know the imaging features and patterns of extension of ROCM.

Fungal sphenoid sinusitis mimicking as malignant tumor and invading the pituitary fossa is an uncommon entity. This report aims to highlight radiological salient features to help differentiate fungal lesion from malignant tumor in sphenoidal sinus mass lesions. Combination of T1 hyperintensity, T2 hypointensity, and hyperdense sinus is a strong predictor of fungal mass lesion involving sphenoid sinus.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease does not have clinical features that are disease-specific, and its clinical spectrum has yet to be defined. Herein, we described an atypical presentation of MOG-related disease. A 26-year-old female presented with behavioral changes in the past seven months in the form of agitation, anger, anxiety, fear of death, panic attacks, and an obsession to repeatedly perform daily activities. The patient also had headache for six months. The patient had a similar history of behavioral abnormality and four episodes of painful visual blurring. Neurological examination was unremarkable except for truncal and gait ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed hyperintense signals in bilateral subcortical white matter, middle cerebral peduncles, cerebellum, thalamus, and pons with contrast enhancement. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody was found to be positive by cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay. The patient was managed with an intravenous methylprednisolone pulse. The patient had complete resolution of symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging brain abnormalities at the one-month control.

We present a case of 20-year-old woman who presented with a large pedunculated skin covered mass lesion arising from the left thigh, measuring 40 × 25 cm, with no history of pain or skin ulceration and a feeling of a lump with dragging pain in the left side of the abdomen for about 7 years. Subsequently, ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of abdomen and left thigh region were carried out. The lesion was broad-based toward the left upper thigh with a central core of interspersed fat supplied by branches of the superficial and deep femoral arteries. Another lesion was seen in the left retroperitoneum anterior to the psoas muscle in a left paravertebral location encasing the left common iliac vessels extending into the left pelvic cavity and inguinal region inferiorly. The lesion showed dense post-acoustic shadowing on ultrasound, mild enhancement on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and appeared hypointense on T1- and T2-weighted images. A left thigh lesion was excised, whereas incisional biopsy was done for the left retroperitoneal lesion. The diagnosis of a giant fibroepithelial polyp arising from the left thigh and left retroperitoneal fibromatosis was made. This is the first report of such a giant fibroepithelial polyp arising from the thigh with associated retroperitoneal fibromatosis.