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Abstract This study aimed to identify genotypes that present better agronomic performance by evaluating the genotype x sowing time interaction in a no-tillage system in the semiarid region of Pernambuco. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a 7x4 factorial scheme, with four replications, the first factor being the seven hybrids (1-BM 815 PRO3; 2- BM 930 PRO 3; 3-SHS 7939 PRO3; 4-SHS 8525PRO3; 5-B2856 VYHR; 6- B2612 PWU and 7- B2433 PWU) and the second the four sowing dates (1- 04/03/2024; 2-11/03/2024; 3-18/03/2024 and 4-25/03/2024). The agronomic and yield parameters of the corn hybrids were evaluated. It was concluded that the principal component analysis showed that the sowing dates influenced the agronomic characteristics of the corn hybrids mainly due to temperature, rainfall and relative humidity; the hybrids that presented greater productive stability due to the different sowing dates were B2612PWU and SHS7938PRO3; the dendrogram showed that there was a phenotypic distinction between the hybrids and separated them into three distinct groups according to their agronomic characteristics; the sowing date influences the agronomic characteristics of corn hybrids. Resumo Objetivou-se identificar genótipos que apresentem melhor desempenho agronômico por meio da avaliação da interação genótipo x época de semeadura, em um sistema de plantio direto no semiárido pernambucano. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 7x4, com 4 repetições, sendo sete híbridos (1-BM 815 PRO3; 2- BM 930 PRO 3; 3-SHS 7939 PRO3; 4-SHS 8525PRO3; 5-B2856 VYHR; 6- B2612 PWU e 7- B2433 PWU) e quatro épocas de semeadura (1- 04/03/2024; 2-11/03/2024; 3-18/03/2024 e 4-25/03/2024). Foram avaliados os parâmetros agronômicos de rendimentos dos híbridos de milho. Concluiu-se que a análise de componentes principais mostrou que as épocas de semeadura influenciaram nas características agronômicas dos híbridos de milho em função principalmente da temperatura, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar; os híbridos que apresentaram maior estabilidade produtiva em função das distintas épocas de semeadura foram o B2612PWU e SHS7938PRO3; o dendograma mostrou haver distinção fenotípica entre os híbridos e os separou em três grupos distintos em função de suas características agronômicas; a época de semeadura exerce influência sobre as caraterísticas agronômicas de híbridos de milho.

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main commodities in Brazilian agribusiness and is considered the most widely cultivated crop in the world. By 2050, maize production must increase by approximately 70% to meet global demand. However, achieving high yields requires the application of large amounts of chemical fertilizers, which can be harmful to agroecosystems. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of maize, as well as the levels of soil organic matter and total organic carbon, as a function of organic matter application through green manure and organic compost. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme [(3 x 3) + 1], with three leguminous species in the main plots (sunn hemp, pigeon pea and cowpea), three rates of organic compost in the subplots (0, 20, and 40 t ha−1), and one additional control (chemical fertilization). Agronomic parameters of maize and soil organic matter and total organic carbon contents were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared using the Tukey test at a 5% probability level. The highest yield was obtained in the intercropping system with cowpea and 40 t ha−1 of organic compost, reaching a grain yield of 17.7 t ha−1. This represented an increase of over 20% compared to the same legume treatment without organic compost. Green manure combined with organic compost can replace chemical fertilization without compromising maize productivity. Organic compost associated with cowpea green manure provided higher maize yield compared to sunn hemp and dwarf pigeon pea. Soil organic matter and total organic carbon contents were not influenced by the green manure management combined with organic compost. Principal component analysis showed that maize yield parameters were more closely associated with the use of pigeon pea combined with 20 and 40 t ha−1 of organic compost, respectively. Resumo O milho (Zea mays L.) é uma das principais commodities do agronegócio brasileiro, sendo considerado a maior cultura agrícola do mundo. Até 2050 é necessário o aumento da sua produção em aproximadamente 70% para atender a demanda mundial. Entretanto, para obtenção de alta produtividade, faz-se necessária a aplicação de elevadas doses de adubos químicos, o que pode ser prejudicial aos agroecossistemas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento agronômico do milho, bem como os teores de matéria orgânica e carbono orgânico total do solo, em função da aplicação de matéria orgânica via adubação verde e composto orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcela subdividida [(3 x 3) +1], sendo três leguminosas nas parcelas (crotalária, feijão guandu anão e feijão macassar), três doses de composto orgânico nas subparcelas (0, 20 e 40 t ha-1) e uma testemunha adicional (adubação química). Foram avaliados os parâmetros agronômicos do milho e os teores de materia orgânica e carbono orgânico do solo. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O maior rendimento foi obtido no consórcio com feijão macassar e 40 t ha-1 de composto orgânico, com produtividade de 17,7 t ha-1 de grãos. Demostrando um incremento superior a 20% em relação ao tratamento com a mesma leguminosa, sem adubação orgânica. A adubação verde, aliada a utilização do composto orgânico, pode substituir a adubação química, sem comprometer a produtividade de milho. O composto orgânico associado ao adubo verde de feijão macassar, proporciona maior produtividade do milho em comparação ao adubo verde de crotalária e de feijão guandu anão. Os teores de matéria orgânica e carbono orgânico total do solo, não foram influenciados pelos manejos de adubação verde associados ao composto orgânico. A análise de componentes principais mostrou que os parâmetros de rendimento do milho estão mais associados ao uso de feijão guandu com 20 e 40 t ha-1 de composto orgânico, respectivamente.

Abstract There are few studies evaluating the effects of dairy waste application on sweet potato productivity, especially when combined with organic compost fertilization. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effects of dairy waste fertilization, with or without organic compost, on the yield components and quality of sweet potato. The experiment was conducted under field conditions from April to August 2019 at the UFRPE experimental farm in Garanhuns, Pernambuco, using a randomized block design with different doses of dairy waste (0, 5, 10, and 15 m3 ha−1) in the presence and absence of organic compost, in addition to a control with mineral fertilization. The analyzed variables included ash and starch contents, total and marketable yield, as well as tuber quality parameters. For ash content in the absence of organic compost, the dose of maximum efficiency was 10.21 m3 ha−1, resulting in 0.55% ash, while the number of marketable tubers reached maximum efficiency at 8.05 m3 ha−1, providing 25.09 tubers per plot. The application of dairy waste, either alone or combined with organic compost, promoted increases in sweet potato yield (t ha−1) and quality, showing performance comparable to mineral fertilizer. The highest ash and starch contents were obtained with the exclusive use of dairy waste, highlighting its potential as a sustainable fertilization alternative. Resumo São escassos estudos que avaliam os efeitos da aplicação de resíduos de laticínio sobre a produtividade da batata-doce, sobretudo quando associados à adubação com composto orgânico. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da adubação com resíduos de laticínio associados ou não ao composto orgânico nos componentes de rendimento e qualidade da batata-doce. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, de Abril a Agosto de 2019, na fazenda experimental da UFRPE em Garanhuns-PE, utilizando um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com diferentes doses de resíduo de laticínio (0, 5, 10 e 15 m3 ha−1) na presença e ausência de composto orgânico, além de uma testemunha com fertilização mineral. As variáveis analisadas incluíram teores de cinzas e amido, produtividade total e comercial, além de parâmetros de qualidade das túberas. Para os teores cinzas na ausência do composto orgânico, a dose de máxima eficiência foi de 10,21 m3 ha-1, proporcionando 0,55% de cinzas, o número de tubérculos comerciais teve dose de máxima eficiência de 8,05 m3 ha-1 proporcionando 25,09 tubérculos por parcela. A aplicação de resíduos de laticínio, isolados ou combinados ao composto orgânico, promoveu aumento na produtividade (t ha-1) e qualidade da batata-doce, apresentando desempenho semelhante ao fertilizante mineral. Os maiores teores de cinza e amido foram obtidos com o uso exclusivo do resíduo de laticínio, evidenciando seu potencial como alternativa sustentável de adubação.

High levels of roughage in the diet reduce energy density and limit voluntary intake due to ruminal physical constraints. In this context, extrusion processing can improve digestibility and enable greater fiber inclusion in the diet, thereby improving animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, body composition, and ingestive behavior of lambs that were fed different proportions of extruded roughage to concentrate (R:C). Twenty lambs, weighing 25.0 ± 2.8 kg and aged 120 ± 8 d, were distributed in a completely randomized design and fed one of four proportions of roughage to concentrate: 30:70; 40:60; 50:50; or 60:40. Lambs were housed in collective pens throughout the experimental period. Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), body conformation (in vivo biometric measurements), average daily gain (ADG, g/d), and in vivo carcass characteristics were not influenced by the treatments (p>0.05). An increase in roughage levels linearly increased total chewing time (TCT) (p<0.05). In contrast, idle time (IT) decreased linearly (p<0.05). There was a quadratic and positive linear effect of evaluation day (p<0.05) for BW, BCS, in vivo biometric measurements, ADG during the periods between 15–30 d (p=0.03) and 75–90 d (p<0.05), and in vivo carcass characteristics (p<0.05). There was an interaction between R:C ratio and the day of assessment for loin eye area, with day 84 superior to day 0 (p<0.05). The inclusion of higher levels of roughage in fully extruded diets increases TCT and decreases IT without affecting productive performance or body composition in sheep.

Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) is a well-known disease often treated with neurosurgical procedures, which may produce sensorial abnormalities, such as numbness, dysesthesia and taste complaints. We studied 12 patients that underwent this technique, in order to verify pain, gustative and olfactory thresholds abnormalities, with a follow-up of 120 days. We compared the patients with a matched control group of 12 patients. Our results found a significant difference in the olfactory threshold at the immediate post-operative period ( p = 0.048). We concluded that injured trigeminal fibers are probably associated with the increase in the olfactory threshold after the surgery, supporting the sensorial interaction theory.

Summary The objective of this study was to review the literature on glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) and to discuss its differential diagnosis and treatment options. Despite the significant improvement of trigeminal neuralgia with pharmacological treatment, GN has a higher incidence of treatment failure and neurosurgery is necessary for the majority of patients. Functional neurosurgery has a great rate of success for GN, especially techniques such as percutaneous thermal rhizotomy, trigeminal tractotomy and/or nucleotomy. The main problem with GN remains the diagnosis as it is a rare disease with similarities to trigeminal neuralgia, including the same pharmacological treatment. Facial pain specialists should be trained to achieve a better accuracy of diagnosis.

The authors define a Banach space $\\mathcal{M}_{1}$ of models for fermions or quantum spins in the lattice with long range interactions and make explicit the structure of (generalised) equilibrium states for any $\\mathfrak{m}\\in \\mathcal{M}_{1}$. In particular, the authors give a first answer to an old open problem in mathematical physics--first addressed by Ginibre in 1968 within a different context - about the validity of the so-called Bogoliubov approximation on the level of states. Depending on the model $\\mathfrak{m}\\in \\mathcal{M}_{1}$, the authors' method provides a systematic way to study all its correlation functions at equilibrium and can thus be used to analyse the physics of long range interactions. Furthermore, the authors show that the thermodynamics of long range models $\\mathfrak{m}\\in \\mathcal{M}_{1}$ is governed by the non-cooperative equilibria of a zero-sum game, called here thermodynamic game.

There has been a rapid increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 in Latin America, Africa, Asia and many countries that have an insufficient number of physicians and other health care personnel, and the need for the inclusion of medical students on health teams is a very important issue. It has been recommended that medical students work as volunteers, undergo appropriate training, not undertake any activity beyond their level of competence, and receive continuous supervision and adequate personal protective equipment. However, the motivation of medical students must be evaluated to make volunteering a more evidence-based initiative. The aim of our study was to evaluate the motivation of medical students to be part of health teams to aid in the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a questionnaire specifically to evaluate medical students' perceptions about participating in the care of patients with suspected infection with coronavirus during the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire had two parts: a) one part with questions on individual characteristics, year in medical school and geographic location of the medical school and b) a second part with twenty-eight statements assessed on a 5-point Likert scale (totally agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree and totally disagree). To develop the questionnaire, we performed consensus meetings with a group of faculty and medical students. The questionnaire was sent to student organizations of 257 medical schools in Brazil and answered by 10,433 students. We used multinomial logistic regression models to analyze the data. Statements associated with greater odds ratios for participation of medical students in the COVID-19 pandemic were related to a sense of purpose or duty (\"It is the duty of the medical student to put himself or herself at the service of the population in the pandemic\"), altruism (\"I am willing to take risks by participating in practice in the context of the pandemic\"), and perception of good performance and professional identity (\"I will be a better health professional for having experienced the pandemic\"). Males were more prone than females to believe that only interns should participate in the care of patients with COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.36 [coefficient interval 95%:1.24-1.49]) and that all students should participate (OR 1.68 [CI:1.4-1.91]). Medical students are more motivated by a sense of purpose or duty, altruism, perception of good performance and values of professionalism than by their interest in learning. These results have implications for the development of volunteering programs and the design of health force policies in the present pandemic and in future health emergencies.

Although fungi, archaea, and viruses contribute to the microbial diversity in endodontic infections, bacteria are the most common micro-organisms occurring in these infections. Datasets from culture and molecular studies, integrated here for the first time, showed that over 460 unique bacterial taxa belonging to 100 genera and 9 phyla have been identified in different types of endodontic infections. The phyla with the highest species richness were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Diversity varies significantly according to the type of infection. Overall, more taxa have been disclosed by molecular studies than by culture. Many cultivable and as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes have emerged as candidate pathogens based on detection in several studies and/or high prevalence. Now that a comprehensive inventory of the endodontic microbial taxa has been established, future research should focus on the association with different disease conditions, functional roles in the community, and susceptibility to antimicrobial treatment procedures.

In spite of significant progress towards malaria control and elimination achieved in South America in the 2000s, this mosquito-transmitted tropical disease remains an important public health concern in the region. Most malaria cases in South America come from Amazon rain forest areas in northern countries, where more than half of malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence has decreased in recent years. This review discusses current malaria data, policies and challenges in four South American Amazon countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Challenges to continuing efforts to further decrease malaria incidence in this region include: a significant increase in malaria cases in recent years in Venezuela, evidence of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections, peri-urban malaria, gold mining-related malaria, malaria in pregnancy, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and primaquine use, and possible under-detection of Plasmodium malariae . Some of these challenges underscore the need to implement appropriate tools and procedures in specific regions, such as a field-compatible molecular malaria test, a P. malariae -specific test, malaria diagnosis and appropriate treatment as part of regular antenatal care visits, G6PD test before primaquine administration for P. vivax cases (with weekly primaquine regimen for G6PD deficient individuals), single low dose of primaquine for P. falciparum malaria in Colombia, and national and regional efforts to contain malaria spread in Venezuela urgently needed especially in mining areas. Joint efforts and commitment towards malaria control and elimination should be strategized based on examples of successful regional malaria fighting initiatives, such as PAMAFRO and RAVREDA/AMI.