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A facile approach for the preparation of CdO–NiO–ZnO mixed metal oxide nanocomposite was demonstrated by microwave assisted method and characterized by XRD, SEM with EDS and FTIR. XRD exhibits CdO (cubic), NiO (cubic), ZnO (hexagonal) structure with an average crystallite size of 37, 23 and 20 nm respectively. The lattice strain and the dislocation density are evaluated by W–H method. SEM and TEM images reveal the morphology as sheet like structure and FTIR indicates the characteristic stretching frequency as Cd–O (687 cm −1 ), Ni–O (865 cm −1 ) and Zn–O (472 cm −1 ). From the UV–Vis spectra, the bandgap is estimated as 2.75 eV. The fluorescence spectrum shows the emission of blue–violet (455 nm), green (524 nm) and red (678 nm). The prepared nanocomposite acts as an excellent photocatalyst for the removal of methylene blue dye under sun light irradiation. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity for concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/mL) was carried out in-vitro against gram negative (G − Ve) i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus mirablis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae ; gram positive bacteria (G + Ve): Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Bacillus subtilis . Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirms the rupture of the bacterial cell wall.

CdO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized (hydrothermal) with cadmium acetate and ammonium hydroxide as starting materials and characterized by XRD, FE-SEM and FTIR. It exhibits face centred cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 43 nm and the lattice strain (W–H plot) is 0.0029. The surface morphological image appears particle like structure (150 nm). The vibrational stretching mode of Cd–O is 620 cm −1 whereas micro Raman reveals the overtone at 389 cm −1 . The optical energy bandgap is found to be 2.47 eV from the UV–Vis spectra. Five emission peaks were recorded at 360, 429, 488, 527 and 640 nm upon excited at 290 nm. The SHG efficiency is 0.84 times of KDP. The photocatalytic performance has been evaluated of the CdO NPs for the degradation of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. CdO NPs were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against human pathogens such as Gram negative ( Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris ) and Gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis ) bacteria has been investigated.

CdO nanoparticles based on Andrographis paniculata plant extract were synthesizedby biological method and characterized by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM and FTIR. XRD exhibits face centred cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 22 nm and the lattice strain (W–H plot) is 0.0023. From the HRTEM, the particles are spherical. The vibrational stretching mode of Cd–O is 456 cm −1 . From the UV–Vis spectra, the optical energy bandgap is estimated as 2.33 eV. The photoluminescence emission peaks at 360, 430, 486, 528 and 616 nm are observed for the excitation at 220 nm. The electrochemical study by cyclic voltammetry reveals the quasi reversible reduction and irreversible oxidation versus Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). The potential is referred to the F c /F c + couple under the experimental conditions. The biosynthesized CdO nanoparticles are tested against gram positive ( Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Staphylococcus aureus ) and gram negative ( Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio Cholera ) bacterial strains. It is noted that the bioengineered CdO nanoparticles show a good antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition: E. coli -16 mm) bacteria.

Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles (Ca(OH) 2 NPs) were formulated through microwave assisted route and characterized by XRD, FTIR and FESEM. It exhibits hexagonal crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 30 nm. The TEM images show the agglomerated nanoparticles. From the UV–Vis spectra, the bandgap is estimated as 5.5 eV. A broad emission band with maximum intensity at around 430 nm is observed in photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of Ca(OH) 2 NPs at room temperature. The dielectric constant and loss were studied as a function of frequency at room temperature (Ɛ r  = 25.0 and Ɛ ′′  = 3.94 at 10 kHz).The relative powder second harmonic generation efficiency (SHG) of Ca(OH) 2 NPs is comparable with the standard KDP. Antibacterial activity of Ca(OH) 2 NPs at concentrations 15 and 30 µg/mL were screened against gram negative ( Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis ) and gram positive ( Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and Streptococcus aureus ) bacteria by measuring the inhibition zone.

DNA nanotube scaffolds allow artificial myosin filaments to be engineered that can be used to probe the mechanical coordination of myosin motor ensembles. The sarcomere of muscle is composed of tens of thousands of myosin motors that self-assemble into thick filaments and interact with surrounding actin-based thin filaments in a dense, near-crystalline hexagonal lattice 1 . Together, these actin–myosin interactions enable large-scale movement and force generation, two primary attributes of muscle. Research on isolated fibres has provided considerable insight into the collective properties of muscle, but how actin–myosin interactions are coordinated in an ensemble remains poorly understood 2 . Here, we show that artificial myosin filaments, engineered using a DNA nanotube scaffold, provide precise control over motor number, type and spacing. Using both dimeric myosin V- and myosin VI-labelled nanotubes, we find that neither myosin density nor spacing has a significant effect on the gliding speed of actin filaments. This observation supports a simple model of myosin ensembles as energy reservoirs that buffer individual stochastic events to bring about smooth, continuous motion. Furthermore, gliding speed increases with cross-bridge compliance, but is limited by Brownian effects. As a first step to reconstituting muscle motility, we demonstrate human β-cardiac myosin-driven gliding of actin filaments on DNA nanotubes.

The agricultural sector is facing significant challenges in meeting the increasing demands for food production while ensuring sustainability and resource efficiency. To address these challenges, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology into farming practices has gained attention as a promising solution. This research focuses on the development and implementation of an IoT-enabled smart farming system aimed at enhancing crop growth efficiency. The proposed system leverages IoT sensors and devices to monitor and collect real-time data on various parameters such as environmental conditions, soil moisture levels, and crop health. The collected data is then analyzed using advanced analytics techniques to gain valuable insights and make informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. By utilizing IoT technology, farmers can optimize their resource utilization, reduce waste, and maximize crop productivity. This research aims to investigate the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing the IoT-enabled smart farming system. In this paper, a cutting-edge Internet of Things (IoT) technology is explored for monitoring weather and soil conditions for efficient crop development. The system was built to monitor temperature, humidity, and soil moisture using Node MCU and several linked sensors. Additionally, a Wi-Fi connection is used to send a notification through SMS to the farmer's phone about the field's environmental state. The results will help in developing strategies and guidelines for the widespread adoption of IoT-enabled smart farming practices, ultimately leading to sustainable and efficient crop production to meet the demands of a growing population.

According to estimates made on March 31, 2018, India’s roads will be 6,603,293 kilometres long, which is 4,103,096 miles. The Indian road network is now the second biggest in the world, after the US road network. The roads in question, on the other hand, don’t have the desired effects because their CBR number is too low. In India, most of the roads are in bad shape. The most common problems are potholes, ruts, cracks, and areas of sinking and settlement, which happen more often during the rainy season. First and foremost, these are the effects of the subgrade being in an area that is heavily waterlogged, which means that the subgrade is not strong enough to support it. That being said, the CBR value of the subgrade dirt is usually between 2 and 5 percent. In the CBR method of pavement design (IRC:37-2012), as the CBR value of the subgrade soil goes down, the total thickness of the pavement goes up by a factor of ten. This is what takes place when the subgrade soil’s CBR value goes down. In turn, this means that the total cost of the construction job goes up. Since this is the case, many different efforts have been made to use the geo-grid material to improve the subgrade’s ability to hold weight. The soil samples are looked at before they are used for CBR testing in the lab and in a simulated area. You can run these tests with or without the geo-grid layer, and you can also change where the geo-grid layer is placed inside the block. When geo-grid is used, the CBR value of the subgrade goes up. This makes the sidewalk thinner by up to forty percent. The prices will go down because the study’s results will lower the general cost of the project and the cost of keeping the road in good shape. This will help bring down the project’s total cost. For our assignment, we are going to talk in great detail about the method and how it can be used successfully.

The Fermatean fuzzy set expands upon the Pythagorean fuzzy set, asserting that the combined value of the membership degree cube and non-membership degree cube falls within the unit interval [0,1]. This paper introduce the notion of Fermatean fuzzy linear space (FFLS) as an extended interpretation encompassing both intuitionistic and Pythagorean fuzzy linear space. We provide evidence that the intersection of two Fermatean fuzzy linear spaces remains a Fermatean fuzzy linear space. But the union of two Fermatean fuzzy linear space need not necessarily be a Fermatean fuzzy linear space. To justify this statement we have a provided a counter example for it. Further, we define the concept of a Fermatean fuzzy level linear space and explore the cartesian product of a Fermatean fuzzy linear space. This structure investigates the image and inverse image of a Fermatean fuzzy linear space along with their associated properties. Keywords: Fuzzy set, Intuitionistic fuzzy set, Pythagorean fuzzy set, Fermatean fuzzy set, Fermatean fuzzy linear space.

Anisotropic rotor configurations influenced by the presence of a large number of geometrical parameters in a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance (PMASR) motor pose design challenges in obtaining a robust geometry satisfying the requirements of reduced torque ripple and high torque density. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to perform detailed geometrical sensitivity analysis of a 36 slot/4 pole permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance (PMASR) motor using h-indexing and level sensitivity analysis in order to specify a guideline for designers to prioritize the design variables for optimization. Systematic multi-level design optimization for multiple objectives is implemented by an NSGA-II algorithm aided by the finite element analysis tool, hardware prototyping and experimental validation. The optimized designs also exhibit better structural and thermal characteristics.

This study presents the development and mapping of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in chickpea. The mapping population is based on an inter-specific cross between domesticated and non-domesticated genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ICC 4958 × C. reticulatum PI 489777). This same population has been the focus of previous studies, permitting integration of new and legacy genetic markers into a single genetic map. We report a set of 311 novel SSR markers (designated ICCM—ICRISAT chickpea microsatellite), obtained from an SSR-enriched genomic library of ICC 4958. Screening of these SSR markers on a diverse panel of 48 chickpea accessions provided 147 polymorphic markers with 2–21 alleles and polymorphic information content value 0.04–0.92. Fifty-two of these markers were polymorphic between parental genotypes of the inter-specific population. We also analyzed 233 previously published (H-series) SSR markers that provided another set of 52 polymorphic markers. An additional 71 gene-based SNP markers were developed from transcript sequences that are highly conserved between chickpea and its near relative Medicago truncatula. By using these three approaches, 175 new marker loci along with 407 previously reported marker loci were integrated to yield an improved genetic map of chickpea. The integrated map contains 521 loci organized into eight linkage groups that span 2,602 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 4.99 cM. Gene-based markers provide anchor points for comparing the genomes of Medicago and chickpea, and reveal extended synteny between these two species. The combined set of genetic markers and their integration into an improved genetic map should facilitate chickpea genetics and breeding, as well as translational studies between chickpea and Medicago