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The purpose of the study was to examine the storage and transport of NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$ions through snowpack, soils, and stream water in an acid‐sensitive alpine catchment (Tatra Mountains, Poland) during snowmelt and rain‐on‐snow events. Samples of snowpack layers, near‐surface soil horizons, and stream water were collected in the winter and snowmelt seasons of 2019. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. Our study has shown that snowpack is an important source of NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$ions in the catchment. As the snow melts, the release of NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$ions from snowpack occurs. A gradual and slow melting of snow starts even before the first snowmelt‐induced increase in stream discharge. NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$ions eluted from available snowpack are temporarily stored in soil, which is shown by a large increase in the concentration of water‐soluble NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$in the soil at that time. NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$ions are washed out of soils and supplied to streams during the first snowmelt event. This is demonstrated by a large increase in the stream water NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$concentration, termed an “NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$pulse.” The NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$ion is a key acid anion responsible for the acidification of the studied stream during snowmelt season, as the NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$pulse coincides with a decrease in bicarbonate alkalinity. Our field research and laboratory experiment have shown a minor role of mineralization and nitrification in NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$production in soils in the winter and NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$pulse formation in stream water during the early stages of the snowmelt season. Key Points NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$ions eluted from snowpack in winter are temporarily stored in soils; they are washed out of soils during the first snowmelt event Large supply of NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$at the beginning of snowmelt forms an NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$pulse in stream water which results in stream water acidification The mineralization and nitrification of organic nitrogen play a minor role in NO3−${\\mathrm{N}\\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$production in soils in the winter season

The purpose of the study was to examine the storage and transport of ions through snowpack, soils, and stream water in an acid‐sensitive alpine catchment (Tatra Mountains, Poland) during snowmelt and rain‐on‐snow events. Samples of snowpack layers, near‐surface soil horizons, and stream water were collected in the winter and snowmelt seasons of 2019. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. Our study has shown that snowpack is an important source of ions in the catchment. As the snow melts, the release of ions from snowpack occurs. A gradual and slow melting of snow starts even before the first snowmelt‐induced increase in stream discharge. ions eluted from available snowpack are temporarily stored in soil, which is shown by a large increase in the concentration of water‐soluble in the soil at that time. ions are washed out of soils and supplied to streams during the first snowmelt event. This is demonstrated by a large increase in the stream water concentration, termed an “ pulse.” The ion is a key acid anion responsible for the acidification of the studied stream during snowmelt season, as the pulse coincides with a decrease in bicarbonate alkalinity. Our field research and laboratory experiment have shown a minor role of mineralization and nitrification in production in soils in the winter and pulse formation in stream water during the early stages of the snowmelt season. ions eluted from snowpack in winter are temporarily stored in soils; they are washed out of soils during the first snowmelt event Large supply of at the beginning of snowmelt forms an pulse in stream water which results in stream water acidification The mineralization and nitrification of organic nitrogen play a minor role in production in soils in the winter season

The aim of the study was to identify the factors that influence annual changes in the chemical composition of stream waters. The research area was located in the marginal zone of the Carpathian Foothills (Poland) in the Stara Rzeka catchment (mixed land-use) and its two sub-catchments: Leśny Potok (wooded) and Kubaleniec (farmed). Hydrochemical studies were carried out during the 1998–2004 water years and with separate recording frequencies for individual parameters. Measures used included specific conductance (SC), pH and the concentration of the main ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3–, SO42–, Cl–) and nutrient compounds (NH4+ , NO2–, NO3–, PO43–). Tendencies towards changes in chemical parameters were estimated using the Seasonal Kendall Test. Elimination of flow rate impact on the chemical composition of stream waters was achieved using the residuals from the LOWESS analysis. During the analysed period, a statistically significant increase in SC and the concentration of the majority of main ions occurred. Additionally, there was an increase in the concentration of nutrient compounds in watercourses undergoing the anthropogenic impact (Kubaleniec, Stara Rzeka), as opposed to the Leśny Potok stream draining the wooded catchment. The SC changes were determined by a decrease in the annual river run-off and simultaneous ion concentration (natural factor). In the Stara Rzeka catchment, the increase in NH4+ concentration was caused by the increase in sewage discharge into the river (anthropogenic factor). Another factor that contributed to the annual changes of water chemistry was gradually deeper and deeper water-circulation (circulation factor), responsible for an increase in the concentration of Na+ and Cl– and a decrease of HCO3–3– and Ca2+.

We report 4 cases of invasive zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, all occurring after May 2003, when voriconazole began to be used as antifungal prophylaxis. No cases of zygomycosis had been detected in this population in the 3 years prior to May 2003. All 4 patients were receiving immunosuppressive therapy for presumed graft-versus-host disease. Profoundly immunosuppressed patients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis remain at risk for less-common pathogens that are intrinsically resistant to this agent.

Inhaled glucocorticoid plus β-agonist in a single inhaler was compared with maintenance inhaled glucocorticoid for exacerbation risk among patients with mild asthma. Combination therapy was noninferior to maintenance therapy. Two articles report comparisons of glucocorticoid plus β-agonist in a single inhaler with maintenance glucocorticoid or as-needed β-agonist in patients with mild asthma. Combination therapy was superior to β-agonist for symptoms but was less effective than maintenance therapy. Combination therapy and maintenance therapy were effective for asthma control and were superior to β-agonist.

Plastic waste, which pollutes water and soil and negatively impacts organisms, is currently a major ecological problem. Therefore, methods for its degradation are being sought, including biodegradation using various organisms to dispose of plastics. One invertebrate animal suspected of being used in plastic biodegradation is Galleria mellonella (Insecta, Lepidoptera). However, there is no data on whether plastics ingested by this insect’s larvae will induce cytotoxic effects in cells, tissues, or organs, which would exclude this species from biodegradation. The aim of this study was to determine whether G. mellonella larvae, after consuming a popular plastic, polypropylene (PP), activate specific cytotoxic parameters. Larvae of the studied species were fed PP bags for 24 and 48 h. Control (G0-C) and starved (G0-S) individuals were also analyzed to determine whether cytotoxic effects could be attributed to factors such as a lack of normal food. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were changes, employed to investigate cell death processes, caspase and Bcl-2 protein activation, and mitochondrial alterations. The results of our studies suggest that G. mellonella may be considered as a potential candidate used in the biodegradation of PP.

Dietary intake of methyl donors, such as folic acid and methionine, shows considerable intra-individual variation in human populations. While it is recognized that maternal departures from the optimum of dietary methyl donor intake can increase the risk for mental health issues and neurological disorders in offspring, it has not been explored whether paternal dietary methyl donor intake influences behavioral and cognitive functions in the next generation. Here, we report that elevated paternal dietary methyl donor intake in a mouse model, transiently applied prior to mating, resulted in offspring animals (methyl donor-rich diet (MD) F1 mice) with deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and reduced hippocampal theta oscillations. Gene expression analyses revealed altered expression of the methionine adenosyltransferase Mat2a and BK channel subunit Kcnmb2, which was associated with changes in Kcnmb2 promoter methylation in MD F1 mice. Hippocampal overexpression of Kcnmb2 in MD F1 mice ameliorated altered spatial learning and memory, supporting a role of this BK channel subunit in the MD F1 behavioral phenotype. Behavioral and gene expression changes did not extend into the F2 offspring generation. Together, our data indicate that paternal dietary factors influence cognitive and neural functions in the offspring generation.

Agro-meteorological quantities are often in the form of time series, and knowledge about their temporal scaling properties is fundamental for transferring locally measured fluctuations to larger scales and vice versa. However, the scaling analysis of these quantities is complicated due to the presence of localized trends and nonstationarities. The objective of this study was to characterise scaling properties (i.e. statistical self-similarity) of the chosen agro-meteorological quantities through multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA). For this purpose, MFDFA was performed with 11 322 measured time series (31 yr) of daily air temperature, wind velocity, relative air humidity, global radiation and precipitation from stations located in Finland, Germany, Poland and Spain. The empirical singularity spectra indicated their multifractal structure. The richness of the studied multifractals was evaluated by the width of their spectrum, indicating considerable differences in dynamics and development. In log-log plots of the cumulative distributions of all meteorological parameters the linear functions prevailed for high values of the response, indicating that these distributions were consistent with power-law asymptotic behaviour. Additionally, we investigated the type of multifractality that underlies the q-dependence of the generalized Hurst exponent by analysing the corresponding shuffled and surrogate time series. For most of the studied meteorological parameters, the multifractality is due to different long-range correlations for small and large fluctuations. Only for precipitation does the multifractality result mainly from broad probability function. This feature may be especially valuable for assessing the effect of change in climate dynamics.

The most common form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease affecting adult motor neurons, is caused by dominant mutations in the ubiquitously expressed Cu-Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In chimeric mice that are mixtures of normal and SOD1 mutant-expressing cells, toxicity to motor neurons is shown to require damage from mutant SOD1 acting within nonneuronal cells. Normal motor neurons in SOD1 mutant chimeras develop aspects of ALS pathology. Most important, nonneuronal cells that do not express mutant SOD1 delay degeneration and significantly extend survival of mutant-expressing motor neurons.

Copper oxides have some interesting photocatalytic properties and reasonably low price which makes them applicable as PN transistors. However, to obtain the best performance it is necessary to increase the specific working surface of materials which plays a key role in many applications. Furthermore, by ordered spacing and heterojunction formation it is possible to fabricate the systems with specific dedicated properties, like for example PN photovoltaic junction. The conducted research analyses the mechanical properties, stress distributions, and thermal stability of metal–oxide structures with such advanced geometries. Micro-perforation of thin Cu sheet was selected for the study, as it can both enhance the free surface of the substrate and decrease the number of sites of thermal stress occurrence. Both Cu-Cu 2 O and Cu-CuO layers were simulated using finite element analysis. The model based on fixed geometry of square shaped samples of dimensions of 156 × 156 mm was applied to thin metal plates holes-patterned covered on top by 1-3 μm thick oxide layers. On the other hand, the influence of plate thickness was found to be important in terms of structure durability. A good agreement between the simulation and the experimental data was achieved. The critical delamination temperature of c.a. 473-483 K was estimated for both oxide layers. The verification of the simulation/computation model was done by analyzing perforated and non-perforated Cu Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) sheets. Two methods, FIB-TEM and surface scan using a profilometer, were selected. The first verified the decohesion of the oxide coatings from the metal support after exceeding the temperature of 523 K The issue that was also noticed is the susceptibility for peeling in the inner surface of the holes.