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Consumption of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.) can pose a risk when foraged in agroecosystems like vineyards where pesticides are frequently used. The aims of our study are to evaluate whether dandelion foraged in vineyards with different management practices (integrated pest management, organic, and biodynamic) in spring is suitable for consumption and to assess whether the contents of selected pesticide residues (PR) in integrated vineyards in dandelion vary throughout the seasons. Young dandelion leaves were sampled in spring, summer, and autumn in integrated vineyards, while in spring also in organic and biodynamic vineyards. The selected PR was analyzed using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, using extraction with acetonitrile. The method was validated on a dandelion matrix according to international guideline SANTE 11312/2021. Despite the use of many pesticides in integrated vineyards, only tebuconazole was detected in spring in one sample (0.005 mg/kg), while no PR was detected in dandelion from organic and biodynamic vineyards. However, at summer sampling seven different PR were detected, of which the kresoxim-methyl maximum residue limit was exceeded in five samples (0.012–0.029 mg/kg), while in autumn no PR was detected. Based on this study, it seems that dandelion leaves foraged in vineyards in spring could be unproblematic for consumption.

The south-eastern Alps and the southerly adjacent areas are considered an important refugium for plant species during the Pleistocene glaciations; consequently, they harbour many endemic taxa. One of them is Cerastium subtriflorum, which in this area occurs sympatrically with morphologically similar, but more widespread C. sylvaticum. Here, we used amplified fragment length polymorphisms as well as ITS and plastid DNA sequences to explore phylogenetic relationships between the two species as well as their relationships to other Cerastium taxa previously deemed closely related. Our data show that both species are genetically well-differentiated sister taxa, but their relationship to other taxa remains unclear; both species rather form an independent evolutionary lineage within European Cerastium. Cerastium sylvaticum exhibits low genetic differentiation among populations in the investigated area, suggesting a single Pleistocene refugium in that part of Europe. The much more pronounced genetic differentiation within C. subtriflorum is likely a result of multiple Pleistocene refugia or more recent vicariance among the three disjunct partial distribution areas. Phylogenetic sequence data suggest hybridisation between the two taxa, resulting in a discordant phylogenetic position between ITS and plastid trees of one population of their genome size as well as in multiple morphological traits. We provide a taxonomic treatment for both species including an identification key and species descriptions.