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"Sloan, John J."
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Policing Asian communities in the United States: a systematic literature review and discussion
PurposeThis article aims to synthesize published research on the policing of Asian communities in the United States.Design/methodology/approachThis is a systematic literature review using PRISMA 2020 guidelines.FindingsSixteen studies were reviewed. Five examined violence by police against Asian community members and reported rates for Asians closer to those against Whites than against members of other groups. One study found no relationship between violence against police and increased minority representation on the force. Four studies reported conflicting results regarding traffic stops of Asian motorists and in general perceptions of police anti-Asian bias. One study illustrated how racialization processes reproduce inequality both between racial-ethnic categories and within them. Five studies examined Asian community members’ general attitudes toward/satisfaction with police and reported—with qualifications—generally favorable attitudes and satisfaction with them.Originality/value This is the first systematic literature review of policing Asian communities in the United States.
Journal Article
Police officer integrity: a partial replication and extension
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to partially replicate and extend the work of Klockars et al. and others on police integrity by examining how individual, organizational, and ecological factors affect police supervisors’ perceptions of police misconduct and willingness to report fellow officers’ misconduct.
Design/methodology/approach
– Surveys containing 17 scenarios developed by Klockars et al. (2000, 2004, 2006) were administered to 553 ranking officers attending training at the Bill Blackwood Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas from June 1, 2009 to March 1, 2010 and employed by municipal police departments, county sheriff’s departments, and constable agencies.
Findings
– Results suggest that individual and organizational factors affect supervisor willingness to blow the whistle on underling misconduct, although their effects varied by seriousness of the behavior.
Originality/value
– The current project partially replicates and extends prior studies of factors affecting police integrity by surveying supervisors, measuring their willingness to whistle blow, and including variables in statistical models that prior studies have not included.
Journal Article
Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act: SaVing Lives or SaVing Face?
The purpose of this study is to examine colleges’ and universities’ compliance with the criteria presented by the
Sexual Assault and Violence Education Act
(
SaVE
). Using a stratified random sample of postsecondary institutions (
n
= 435), we examined university websites in spring 2015 to determine whether schools were meeting each criterion of the
SaVE Act
. Additionally, we also examined what types of programs were offered for prevention, the accessibility of the information (by number of separations from universities main website). Lastly, we examined how university resources and programs, as well as institutional and student characteristics, were related to overall compliance and the availability of online information on sexual violence programs that institutions offered. Findings showed that only 11 % of schools within the sample were fully compliant with the requirements of the
SaVE Act
and on average, each school met ten of the eighteen criteria for compliance. Most resources were available within websites that were three to four separations from the main university page. Student population and region were positively associated with whether any programs on sexual violence programs were offered and schools with women’s centers were more likely to offer program/s on dating/domestic violence. Additionally, ROTC programs and larger student populations were positively associated with compliance, while being located in the south was negatively associated.
Journal Article
Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the \shadow of sexual assault hypothesis\ supported?
Using data on victimization from a national sample of college students, we replicated, refined, and extended Ferraro's models to test the \"shadow of sexual assault\" thesis and to explore factors that heightened women's age-specific fear of rape. We took into account temporal dimensions of crime-specific fear (during the day and at night) and used a domain-specific model. Overall, fear of rape among college women \"shadowed\" their fear of other personal crimes. Our age-specific results concerning college women's fear of rape largely mirrored Ferraro's results for women more generally. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Journal Article
Addressing the Need for Soil Blends and Amendments for the Highly Modified Urban Landscape
Applications of soil science will become increasingly important in urban ecosystems with anticipated population growth. Our overall objective was to address the issues involved in urban soil research. Specifically, the objectives were (i) to highlight past and current urban soil science research, (ii) to identity the need for special soil amendments and soil blends for urban landscape projects, and (iii) to encourage more soil scientists to address the research needs of rapidly expanding urban landscapes. Much of the early research with urban soils focused on identification and classification of anthropogenic influences. Those activities continue to be important, but there is an opportunity and need for soil scientists to expand their research activities into the area of highly modified and manufactured soils. Soil management in urban settings differs from natural and agricultural settings because the land units are smaller and the availability of soil amendments is much greater, thus the degree of modification is more intense. Organic and inorganic materials are abundantly used in urban landscapes as direct soil amendments or as ingredients in manufactured soils. These amendments can have a significant potential impact on soil and water resources in the urban environment. Soil scientists can make important contributions to urban soil science by developing good urban soil management practices, by evaluating the benefits and risks associated with soil amendments, and by developing soil blends for specialized urban applications such as parks, sports fields, plazas, and green roofs. The progression from a rural to an urban population effectively creates a variety of opportunities for soil scientists to conduct research, extension, and teaching activities with an ever-increasing urban focus.
Journal Article
Variability in the organizational structure of contemporary campus law enforcement agencies
Descriptive analyses of campus police agencies reveal that agencies’ tactical and operational features are similar to those found in municipal agencies. The problem is that none of these studies have examined, using multivariate models, the structural characteristics of these organizations. Using LEMAS data collected in 1995, this study answered two main questions: what are the organizational characteristics of campus police agencies; and what factors, both internal and external, explain variation in the structural dimensions of the agencies. The results indicated that campus police agencies possess the same structural characteristics of municipal police agencies identified by 40 years of police organizational research, and internal agency characteristics were most important in explaining variation in the organizations’ structural dimensions. The degree to which campus agencies have adopted organizational structures that are similar to those of municipal police is discussed and framed within an institutional perspective.
Journal Article
CRIME IN THE IVORY TOWER: THE LEVEL AND SOURCES OF STUDENT VICTIMIZATION
Contrary to the image of college campuses as “ivory towers,” the victimization of college students recently has been portrayed as a serious problem deserving policy intervention. Based on interviews designed after the National Crime Victimization Survey, which were conducted with 3,472 randomly selected students across 12 institutions, we examined both the level and sources of students'victimization. More than one‐third of the sample reported being victims during the 1993–94 academic year. Informed by the lifestyle‐routine activities approach, the analysis revealed that the risk of property victimization was increased by proximity to crime, target attractiveness, exposure, and lack of guardianship. The main predictor of violent victimization was a lifestyle that included high levels of partying on campus at night and the recreational use of drugs.
Journal Article
Dual-Function Growth Medium and Structural Soil for Use as Porous Pavement
Permeable grass-covered surfaces can reduce the quantity of storm water runoff and filter out potentially harmful chemicals. The objective of this study was to develop permeable structural soils that sustained healthy turf growth and filtered heavy metals from contaminated pavement runoff. The basic soil medium was a 50:50 mixture (v/v) of expanded shale (ExSh) and quartz sand (QS). The ExSh component consisted of (i) large-diameter particles (3-6 mm), (ii) small-diameter particles (1-3 mm), or (iii) a 50:50 mixture (v/v) of the two. The basic blends were mixed with 0, 10, and 20% sphagnum peat moss (v/v) and 0, 10, and 20% natural zeolites (v/v) and placed in 15-cm-diameter pots in a greenhouse. Bermudagrass plugs were planted in each pot. The addition of sphagnum peat moss to the basic ExSh/QS blend increased bermudagrass growth and improved plant response to added fertilizer. Zeolites had no significant effect on plant growth in the absence of sphagnum peat moss. Growing mediums that contained 10 to 20% sphagnum peat moss and 10 to 20% zeolites consistently produced more bermudagrass biomass than the unamended ExSh/QS mixture. Changing the ratio of small- to large-diameter ExSh in the basic medium did not affect bermudagrass yield. Very low amounts of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were recovered in leachate after the addition of 10 mg metal per pot, suggesting that most heavy metals (>99%) were retained in the growing mediums. Zeolites reduced the amount of Cd and Pb in leachate water, but not Cu or Zn.
Journal Article