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Background. The rapidly decreasing cost of components and growing open source electronics industry has enabled access to improved tools for monitoring the behavior of aquatic species on a fine scale never before achieved. We use the new Open Tag as a novel approach to visualizing feeding behavior of whale sharks. Methods. The Open Tag is a Arduino compatible open-source inertial measurement unit for recording high speed motion sensor data to a microSD memory card. A three dimensional gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer allow for calculating pitch, yaw, and heading, while depth and temperature sample continuously. The rechargeable lithium battery allows for deployments up to 7 days sampling at 100Hz. The Open Tag is placed in a hydrodynamic syntactic foam float, with a band that stretches around the dorsal fin. A galvanic release incorporated into the tag allows for a release time to be programmed and a VHF tag (ATS) aids in recovery. Results. An Open Tag was successfully deployed on a whale shark for 101 hours in August of 2013 in Yucatan Mexico. Behaviors noted included frequent surface intervals, even during the night when previously believed whale sharks were normally in deeper waters. A maximum depth of 49 meters was observed, with dives to 25 meters recorded regularly. We were able to identify possible harassment at the surface and defecation events. Conclusion. The Open Tag fills a unique niche in whale shark studies as a useful tool to better understanding of fine scale habitat use and behavior. By incorporating these data into Trackplot with data on the position of ecotour vessels, we can visualize behavior and investigate potential erratic changes in depth, heading and lateral movement amplitude indicative of harassment

This paper presents an appendix to the original NeBula autonomy solution developed by the TEAM CoSTAR (Collaborative SubTerranean Autonomous Robots), participating in the DARPA Subterranean Challenge. Specifically, this paper presents extensions to NeBula's hardware, software, and algorithmic components that focus on increasing the range and scale of the exploration environment. From the algorithmic perspective, we discuss the following extensions to the original NeBula framework: (i) large-scale geometric and semantic environment mapping; (ii) an adaptive positioning system; (iii) probabilistic traversability analysis and local planning; (iv) large-scale POMDP-based global motion planning and exploration behavior; (v) large-scale networking and decentralized reasoning; (vi) communication-aware mission planning; and (vii) multi-modal ground-aerial exploration solutions. We demonstrate the application and deployment of the presented systems and solutions in various large-scale underground environments, including limestone mine exploration scenarios as well as deployment in the DARPA Subterranean challenge.

Bullying has become a prominent topic within education due to recent media headlines in the United States and abroad. The impact of these occurrences ripples beyond the bully and victim to include administrators, parents, and fellow students. While previous research has concluded bullying behaviors decrease as a child progresses in school, more recent studies found bullying can continue into college. The current project investigated differences between perceptions of bullying in high school and college along with how college students’ experiences with bullying impacted several constructs related to academic success (i.e., basic psychological needs, academic motivation, perceived social support, and perceived stress). Participants ( N = 130 , 68 male) completed a Perceptions of Bullying Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS), Academic Motivation Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Perceived Stress Scale, and a demographic data form. The results indicate participants who described themselves as either current or past bullying victims had significantly lower academic motivation than respondents who did not. In addition, current victims of bullying scored significantly lower on two of the three constructs in the BPNS: autonomy and competence. These findings suggest students are susceptible to bullying after high school, and the effects can negatively impact college life, academic motivation, and educational outcomes. In addition, past victimization can cause academic difficulties for college students, even after the harassment has ceased.

Background Person-to-person transmission of respiratory pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a challenge facing many cystic fibrosis (CF) centres. Viable P aeruginosa are contained in aerosols produced during coughing, raising the possibility of airborne transmission. Methods Using purpose-built equipment, we measured viable P aeruginosa in cough aerosols at 1, 2 and 4 m from the subject (distance) and after allowing aerosols to age for 5, 15 and 45 min in a slowly rotating drum to minimise gravitational settling and inertial impaction (duration). Aerosol particles were captured and sized employing an Anderson Impactor and cultured using conventional microbiology. Sputum was also cultured and lung function and respiratory muscle strength measured. Results Nineteen patients with CF, mean age 25.8 (SD 9.2) years, chronically infected with P aeruginosa, and 10 healthy controls, 26.5 (8.7) years, participated. Viable P aeruginosa were detected in cough aerosols from all patients with CF, but not from controls; travelling 4 m in 17/18 (94%) and persisting for 45 min in 14/18 (78%) of the CF group. Marked inter-subject heterogeneity of P aeruginosa aerosol colony counts was seen and correlated strongly (r=0.73–0.90) with sputum bacterial loads. Modelling decay of viable P aeruginosa in a clinic room suggested that at the recommended ventilation rate of two air changes per hour almost 50 min were required for 90% to be removed after an infected patient left the room. Conclusions Viable P aeruginosa in cough aerosols travel further and last longer than recognised previously, providing additional evidence of airborne transmission between patients with CF.

The intricate balance between the gut microbiome and host health inspires innovations in drug development. Commensal bacteria provide a multi-targeted approach ideal for treating complex medical conditions, like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These bacteria are self-replicating factories with broad targets that promote balanced intestinal inflammation, mucosal barrier function, and eubiosis. Yet, the lack of superiority to gold-standard treatments and their clinical inconsistency makes most probiotics unreliable for disease treatments. Intestinal inflammation, a driving factor in many diseases, often overwhelms commensal bacteria, which lack the stress-resistance mechanisms necessary to withstand host immune defenses. To address this, we introduced a persistence platform BioPersist™ into E. coli Nissle 1917. We hypothesized that a bio-engineered probiotic, or genetically engineered microbial medicine (GEMM™), designed to persist during inflammation would enhance probiotic bioavailability during colitis, leading to sustained therapeutic outcomes. We evaluated BioPersist in multiple translational colitis models such as in mice and pigs. BioPersist delayed the onset and reduced the severity of both chronic and acute colitis, proving more effective than 5-aminosalicylate. BioPersist thrived during inflammation promoting tolerogenic immune responses that limited infiltrating leukocyte activity and decreased TNF-α from resident myeloid cells in the mesentery. The persistence feature of BioPersist allowed the probiotic to overcome the damaging inflammatory response, eliciting mucosal healing evident by the increase in microbially-derived butyric acid. Based on these preclinical results, BioPersist may be a novel therapeutic option for both human and veterinary applications that sustains efficacy during colitis.Competing Interest StatementDLG is a co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Melius MicroBiomics Inc, a start-up company that has licenced the UBC technology under the following patents. PCT/CA2018/050188: D.L Gibson, A. Godovanny, S.K. Gill, Designer probiotics engineered to efficiently colonize the gut for effective inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. Tech Transfer 2023 with Melius MicroBiomics Inc; and 63/704,043 (patent pending). DLG and AG have founding shares in Melius MicroBiomics Inc. AG, JAB and MKA are Melius MicroBiomics Inc employees. ME, MKA, AG, JAB, DLG have Melius MicroBiomics Inc. options. LMS, AV, SKG, NH, JY, RI, HM, JKJ and CG declare that they have no competing interests.Footnotes* This version of the manuscript has been revised to update the reference list.

Hélène Cixous: authorship, autobiography and love Susan Sellers, 1996 Cambridge, Polity Press xi + 180 pp., 0 7456 1254 7, hb £39.50; 0 7456 1255 5, pb £12.95 The Male Survivor: the impact of sexual abuse Matthew Parynik Mendel, 1995 San Francisco, Sage 239 pp., 0 8033 5442 5, pb £17.50 Feminist Cultural Theory: process and production Beverley Skeggs, Ed., 1995 Manchester, Manchester University Press ix + 235 pp., 0 7190 4470 7, hb £40.00; 0 7190 4471 5, pb £14.99 Women's Studies and Culture: a feminist introduction Rosemarie Buikema & Anneke Smeljk, Eds, 1995 London, Zed Books x + 226pp., 1 85649 312 1, pb £12.95 Fashioning Masculinity: national identity and language in the eighteenth century Michèle Cohen, 1996 London, Routledge xii + 177 pp., 0 4151 0736 3, hb £40.00 Women in Contemporary Russia Vitalina Koval, Ed., 1995 Providence, Berghahn, ix + 160 pp., 1 57181 885 5, hb £25.00 Gender, Drink and Drugs Maryon McDonald, Ed., 1994 Oxford, Berg 217 pp., 0 85489 867 9, pb £12.95 Blending Genders: social aspects of cross dressing and sex-changing R. Ekins & D. King, Eds., 1996 London, Routledge 0 415 11552 3, pb £13.99 Changing Sex: transsexualism, technology, and the idea of gender B.L. Hausman, 1995 Durham, Duke University Press 0 8223 1692 7, pb US $16.95 Working Daughters of Hong Kong: filial piety or power in the family? Janet W. Salaff, 1995 New York, Columbia University Press xli + 317 pp., 0 231 10225 9, pb US $17.50 Women's Rights and Women's Lives in France 1944-1968 Claire Duchen, 1994 London, Routledge xiii + 253 pp., 0 415 00933 2, hb £40; 0 415 00934 0, pb £12.99 The Apparitional Lesbian: female homosexuality and modern culture T. Castle, 1993 New York, Columbia University Press x + 307 pp., 0 231 07653 3 Only When the Messengers Come Olly Komenda-Soentgerath, 1995 (transl. Tom Beck) London, Forest Books 137 pp., 1 85610 040 5, pb £8.95 The Way of the Woman Writer Janet Lynn Roseman, 1995 New York, Harrington Park Press xix + 156 pp., 1 56023 860 7, pb $12.95 Renaissance Drama by Women: texts and documents S.P. Cerasano & Marion Wynne-Davies London, Routledge xii + 237 pp., 0 415 09807 6, pb £12.99; 0 415 99806 8, hb £40.00 Castle Rackrent Maria Edgeworth, 1995 (edited by George Watson with a new introduction by Kathryn Kirkpatrick) Oxford, World's Classics xliii + 127 pp., 0 19 282394 9, pb £4.99, USA $7.95, Can. $11.50 Women, Feminism and Social Change in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, 1890-1940 Asuncion Lavrin, 1995 Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press x + 480 pp., 0 8032 2897 X, hb £57.00 The Festival of San Joaquin Zee Edgell, 1997 London, Heinemann (Caribbean Writers Series) 156 pp., 0 435 98948 0, pb £5.99 Infiltrating Culture: power and identity in contemporary women's writing Mireille Rosello, 1996 Manchester, Manchester University Press xiv + 205 pp., 0 7190 4875 3, hb £35.00 The Memoirs of Princess Dashkova Jehanne M. Gheith, Ed., 1995 Durham, Duke University Press 28 + 334 pp., 0 8223 1621 8, pb £17.95 Women Politicians and the Media Maria Braden, 1996 Lexington, KY, The University Press of Kentucky 248 pp., 0 8131 1970 7, hb US $29.95