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The Hom-1 vesivirus was reported in 1998 following the inadvertent transmission of the animal calicivirus San Miguel sea lion virus to a human host in a laboratory. We characterized the Hom-1 strain and investigated the mechanism by which human cells could be infected. An expression library of 3,559 human plasma membrane proteins was screened for reactivity with Hom-1 virus-like particles, and a single interacting protein, human junctional adhesion molecule 1 (hJAM1), was identified. Transient expression of hJAM1 conferred susceptibility to Hom-1 infection on nonpermissive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Virus infection was markedly inhibited when CHO cells stably expressing hJAM were pretreated with anti-hJAM1 monoclonal antibodies. Cell lines of human origin were tested for growth of Hom-1, and efficient replication was observed in HepG2, HuH7, and SK-CO15 cells. The three cell lines (of hepatic or intestinal origin) were confirmed to express hJAM1 on their surface, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated knockout of the hJAM1 gene in each line abolished Hom-1 propagation. Taken together, our data indicate that entry of the Hom-1 vesivirus into these permissive human cell lines is mediated by the plasma membrane protein hJAM1 as a functional receptor. IMPORTANCE Vesiviruses, such as San Miguel sea lion virus and feline calicivirus, are typically associated with infection in animal hosts. Following the accidental infection of a laboratory worker with San Miguel sea lion virus, a related virus was isolated in cell culture and named Hom-1. In this study, we found that Hom-1 could be propagated in a number of human cell lines, making it the first calicivirus to replicate efficiently in cultured human cells. Screening of a library of human cell surface membrane proteins showed that the virus could utilize human junctional adhesion molecule 1 as a receptor to enter cells and initiate replication. The Hom-1 virus presents a new system for the study of calicivirus biology and species specificity. Vesiviruses, such as San Miguel sea lion virus and feline calicivirus, are typically associated with infection in animal hosts. Following the accidental infection of a laboratory worker with San Miguel sea lion virus, a related virus was isolated in cell culture and named Hom-1. In this study, we found that Hom-1 could be propagated in a number of human cell lines, making it the first calicivirus to replicate efficiently in cultured human cells. Screening of a library of human cell surface membrane proteins showed that the virus could utilize human junctional adhesion molecule 1 as a receptor to enter cells and initiate replication. The Hom-1 virus presents a new system for the study of calicivirus biology and species specificity.

Background Vesiviruses in the family Caliciviridae infect a broad range of animal hosts including mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. The vesivirus Cro1 strains were isolated from diseased snakes in the San Diego zoo in 1978 and reported as the first caliciviruses found in reptiles. The goal of this study was to characterize the Cro1 strain 780032I that was isolated in cell culture from a rock rattlesnake ( Crotalus lepidus) in the original outbreak. Results We re-amplified the original virus stock in Vero cells, and determined its full-length genome sequence. The Cro1 genome is 8296 nucleotides (nt) in length and has a typical vesivirus organization, with three open reading frames (ORF), ORF1 (5643 nt), ORF2 (2121 nt), and ORF3 (348 nt) encoding a nonstructural polyprotein, the major capsid protein precursor, and a minor structural protein, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome sequence revealed that the Cro1 virus clustered most closely with the VESV species of the genus Vesivirus , but was genetically distinct (82-83% identities with closest strains). Conclusions This is the first description of a full-length genome sequence from a reptile calicivirus (Cro1). The availability of the Cro1 genome sequence should facilitate investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in Cro1 virus evolution and host range.

What may be the first calicivirus isolate from any primate species, including man, was recovered from a herpesvirus-like lip lesion on a pygmy chimpanzee and then, 6 months later, from the throat of the same animal. The infected individual and its cage mates had circulating antibodies that were type-specific for this calicivirus. The agent was antigenically different from 30 other calicivirus serotypes and is tentatively designated primate calicivirus Pan paniscus type 1 (PCV-Pan 1).

A Leptospira species is suspected of being the etiological agent in a recent epizootic among California sea lions. The disease was confined to subadult males of the species Zalophus c. californianus .

A disease of caliciviral etiology was first described in swine in 1932. The virus was host specific and naturally infected only swine. Later, a calicivirus of cats was discovered, and again, it was thought to be host specific. In 1972, caliciviruses were the first viruses to be isolated from pinnipeds (California sea lions [Zalophus californianus]). Shortly thereafter, additional calicivirus types were isolated from northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and other marine species. During this time, a complex picture of antigenic diversity and host nonspecificity emerged for the marine calciviruses. These agents infected and produced disease in marine mammals as well as terrestrial animals. The viruses causing the devastating epidemics of caliciviral disease in swine, which occurred subsequent to 1932, were eventually shown to be present in the ocean. The caliciviruses of ocean origin are known to naturally infect at least one ocean fish (opaleye fish [Girella nigricans]), 12 species of marine mammals, and 18 species of terrestrial animals, including humans.

Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 13.--The Domestic Art club met this week with Mrs. Frances Vauix, Fayette St. The next meeting will be with Mrs. Marie Vauix.

A new calicivirus, designated San Miguel sea lion virus type 7 (SMSV-7), was isolated from fish and produced a disease condition identical to vesicular exanthema in experimentally infected swine. Serotype SMSV-7 was also isolated from four elephant seals and one sea lion trematode, whereas a second calicivirus serotype isolated from fish proved to be SMSV-6.

It has been long assumed that it takes some optimum size in order to obtain a sufficient critical mass to have an economy of scale operation, but there has been little substantive study of the topic. This paper looks at the relationship between enrollment and costs at colleges and universities. The question under study is whether large size provides economy of scale for operating. The question, unfortunately, is masked by the complexity of an institution. The manner in which complexity, size, costs, and enrollment interrelate is the substance of this paper. The findings suggest that curricula and complexity have an exceedingly important bearing on per-student costs.