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The Financial and Environmental Consequences of Renewable Energy Exclusion Zones
As countries decarbonise, the competition for land between energy generation, nature conservation and food production will likely increase. To counter this, modelling, and sometimes energy policies, use exclusion zones to restrict energy deployment from land deemed as important to society. This paper applies the spatially-explicit ADVENT-NEV model to Great Britain to determine the cost imposed on the energy system when either environmental or food production exclusion zones are applied. Results show that exclusion zones impose a cost of up to £0.63 billion (B), £19.17 B and £1.33 B for the solar, wind, and bioenergy pathways. These costs give an indication of the value being placed on protecting these areas of land. When multiple exclusions are imposed on bioenergy, the high pathway is infeasible indicating a more flexible approach may be needed to meet net zero ambitions. The model also shows how the value of ecosystem services changes when exclusion zones are applied, highlighting how some exclusions increase non-market costs whereas others decrease them. In several cases exclusion zones are shown to increase social costs, the opposite of their intended use. For these exclusions to be justifiable, the unobserved values missing from the model must be as large as these increases.
Journal Article
Borrowed time
\"In this time-travel adventure, Max Pierson-Takahashi and his friend Petra return to the days of the dinosaurs, where they must survive attacks from deadly prehistoric creatures and a vengeful, pistol-toting girl from the 1920s\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Degenerate sequence-based CRISPR diagnostic for Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), an ancient defense mechanism used by prokaryotes to cleave nucleic acids from invading viruses and plasmids, is currently being harnessed by researchers worldwide to develop new point-of-need diagnostics. In CRISPR diagnostics, a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) containing a “spacer” sequence that specifically complements with the target nucleic acid sequence guides the activation of a CRISPR effector protein (Cas13a, Cas12a or Cas12b), leading to collateral cleavage of RNA or DNA reporters and enormous signal amplification. CRISPR function can be disrupted by some types of sequence mismatches between the spacer and target, according to previous studies. This poses a potential challenge in the detection of variable targets such as RNA viruses with a high degree of sequence diversity, since mismatches can result from target variations. To cover viral diversity, we propose in this study that during crRNA synthesis mixed nucleotide types (degenerate sequences) can be introduced into the spacer sequence positions corresponding to viral sequence variations. We test this crRNA design strategy in the context of the Cas13a-based SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking) technology for detection of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a biosafety level 4 pathogen with wide geographic distribution and broad sequence variability. The degenerate-sequence CRISPR diagnostic proves functional, sensitive, specific and rapid. It detects within 30–40 minutes 1 copy/μl of viral RNA from CCHFV strains representing all clades, and from more recently identified strains with new mutations in the CRISPR target region. Also importantly, it shows no cross-reactivity with a variety of CCHFV-related viruses. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the degenerate sequence-based CRISPR diagnostic is a promising tool of choice for effective detection of highly variable viral pathogens.
Journal Article
Susceptibility of Domestic Swine to Experimental Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent that causes coronavirus disease, has been shown to infect several species. The role of domestic livestock and associated risks for humans in close contact with food production animals remains unknown for many species. Determining the susceptibility of pigs to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to a One Health approach to manage potential risk for zoonotic transmission. We found that pigs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 after oronasal inoculation. Among 16 animals, we detected viral RNA in group oral fluids and in nasal wash from 2 pigs, but live virus was isolated from only 1 pig. Antibodies also were detected in only 2 animals at 11 and 13 days postinoculation but were detected in oral fluid samples at 6 days postinoculation, indicating antibody secretion. These data highlight the need for additional livestock assessment to determine the potential role of domestic animals in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Journal Article
كي توجد منتجات وخدمات يرغب فيها العملاء، ابدأ بـ ... تصميم القيمة المقدمة
تصميم القيمة المقدمة هو الكتاب المكمل لكتاب \"ابتكار نموذج العمل التجاري\"، وهو يتناول تحديدا حجري البناء \"لقيمة المقدمة\" وشرائح العملاء، يساعدك الكتاب بنجاح على فهم عملائك، من جهة متاعبهم وأعمالهم، لتتمكن من تقديم قيمة تكون مكسبا وحلا حقيقيا لمتاعبهم، كما يضع الكتاب أمامك أدوات لرفع فاعلية فريقك وخبرته ومهاراته واستغلالها بأفضل السبل، فتتجنب بذلك إضاعة الوقت على أفكار غير مجدية ولا يرغب فيها أحد وفي السياق ذاته، يضع الكتاب خريطة طريق عملية لاختبار منتجك الأولي بأساليب غير مكلفة، وتطوير المنتج بناء على هذه الاختبارات، وتسليمه للعملاء على نحو يلائم احتياجاتهم الأساسية، وما يلائم السوق حقا.
BOOK
كي توجد منتجات وخدمات يرغب فيها العملاء، ابدأ بـ ... تصميم القيمة المقدمة
يتناول كتاب (كي توجد منتجات وخدمات يرغب فيها العملاء، ابدأ بـ ... تصميم القيمة المقدمة) المؤلف إلينا أليكس أوسترفالدر مجموعة جديدة من الأفكار والأدوات العملية التي تساعد المبتكرين ورياديي الأعمال على تصميم نماذج أعمالهم وذلك بواسطة فهم أعمق لطريقة تفكير العملاء وتحديد أفضل الطرق للوصول إليهم، مما يمكن الشركات الناشئة من اختبار نماذج أعمالهم بالممارسة المستمرة.
Book
Functional imaging of the developing brain with wearable high-density diffuse optical tomography: A new benchmark for infant neuroimaging outside the scanner environment
•First demonstration of a wearable, HD-DOT technology, in the infant population.•Advances in system and head-gear design, ergonomics, registration approaches.•Technology is very well tolerated by infant participants.•Production of 3D images of brain function outside the scanner environment.•HD-DOT yields dramatic improvements in spatial specificity and SNR relative to fNIRS.
Studies of cortical function in the awake infant are extremely challenging to undertake with traditional neuroimaging approaches. Partly in response to this challenge, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has become increasingly common in developmental neuroscience, but has significant limitations including resolution, spatial specificity and ergonomics. In adults, high-density arrays of near-infrared sources and detectors have recently been shown to yield dramatic improvements in spatial resolution and specificity when compared to typical fNIRS approaches. However, most existing fNIRS devices only permit the acquisition of ~20–100 sparsely distributed fNIRS channels, and increasing the number of optodes presents significant mechanical challenges, particularly for infant applications. A new generation of wearable, modular, high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) technologies has recently emerged that overcomes many of the limitations of traditional, fibre-based and low-density fNIRS measurements. Driven by the development of this new technology, we have undertaken the first study of the infant brain using wearable HD-DOT. Using a well-established social stimulus paradigm, and combining this new imaging technology with advances in cap design and spatial registration, we show that it is now possible to obtain high-quality, functional images of the infant brain with minimal constraints on either the environment or on the infant participants. Our results are consistent with prior low-density fNIRS measures based on similar paradigms, but demonstrate superior spatial localization, improved depth specificity, higher SNR and a dramatic improvement in the consistency of the responses across participants. Our data retention rates also demonstrate that this new generation of wearable technology is well tolerated by the infant population.
Journal Article