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We present the findings of a study based on a new inelastic electron-scattering experiment on the 12C nucleus focusing on the kinematic region of Q2=0.8GeV2/c2. The measured cross section is sensitive to the transverse response function and provides a stringent test of theoretical models, as well as of the theoretical assumptions made in Monte-Carlo event-generator codes developed for the interpretation of neutrino-nucleus experiments, such as DUNE and HyperK. We find that modern generators such as GENIE and GiBUU reproduce our new experimental data within 10%.

The aim of the investigations was the assessment of the size of harvest of five energetic basket willow clones at a plantation of the Forest Inspectorate Krzeszowice, the Forest Inspectorate Brodla branch, in the Malopolska voivodeship. The paper presents the effect of yielding of the willow Salix viminalis L., which is characterized by intense weight gain. An economic analysis was conducted for the plantation, the environmental effect was calculated and the social outcome was determined. An environmental impact analysis (EIA) showed, that the biomass combustion process emits far fewer pollutants than coal: 8 times less carbon oxide and 6 times less sulfur dioxide. The environmental effect is significant due to the reduction of pollutant emissions. The willow Salix viminalis L. is a plant, which easily adapts to vegetation on any soil. The plant growing does not require any special agrotechnical treatment. By the establishment and maintenance of willow plantations can contribute to rural development, increase income and reduce unemployment in the country. Farmers are willing to assume willow plantations, if you will guarantee the sale at attractive prices. Europe is looking for alternatives to conventional energy sources, combustion of which releases a greenhouse gas - carbon dioxide.

The paper offers a description of possibilities of reducing energy consumption in modern passive solar buildings. The research was carried out based on the analysis of regulatory documents (EU directives, Polish legislation, analyses of reports and publications of the US Department of Energy - National Energy Technology Laboratory). The applied methods comprised the modelling and design method, as well as the analytical method. Heat balance was calculated using Herz OZC, version 3.0 © computer software 1994-2007. The heat demand of the passive building has been calculated considering the heat recovery from ventilation and the efficiency of the recuperator. The average annual cost of heating of the energy-efficient building is PLN 4, 715, while of the traditional building - PLN 14, 115, i.e. three times as much. The solutions proposed in the article significantly reduce the heat load on a traditional building, so they are a good way to reduce heating expenditures. Building a passive solar house is a green investment offering tangible environmental and economic benefits. Construction of passive buildings contributes to lower consumption of fossil fuels, the resources of which are shrinking with the ever-increasing demand for energy.

Since the \\(\\nu_\\tau(\\bar\\nu_\\tau) A_Z \\to \\tau^\\mp X\\) reaction is notoriously difficult to be directly measured, the information on the dynamics of this nuclear process should be extracted from the analysis of the energy and angular distributions of the tau decay visible products. These distributions depend on the components of the tau-polarization vector. We give, for the first time, the general expression for the outgoing hadron (pion or rho meson) energy and angular differential cross section for the sequential \\(\\nu_\\tau A_Z \\to \\tau^-(\\pi^- \\nu_\\tau, \\rho^-\\nu_\\tau) X\\) and \\(\\bar\\nu_\\tau A_Z \\to \\tau^+(\\pi^+ \\bar\\nu_\\tau, \\rho^+ \\bar\\nu_\\tau) X\\) reactions. Though all possible nuclear reaction mechanisms contribute to the distribution, it may be possible to isolate/enhance one of them by implementing appropriate selection criteria. For the case of the quasi-elastic reaction off oxygen and neutrino energies below 6 GeV, we show that the pion distributions are sensitive to the details of the tau-polarization components. We find significant differences between the full calculation, where the longitudinal and transverse components of the tau polarization vector vary with the energy and the scattering angle of the produced tau, and the simplified scheme in which the polarizations are set to one and zero (respective asymptotic values in the high energy regime). In addition to its potential impact on neutrino oscillation analyses, this result can be used to further test different nuclear models, since these observables provide complementary information to that obtained by means of the inclusive nuclear weak charged-current differential cross section. We also study the effects on the cross section of the \\(W_4\\), \\(W_5\\) nuclear structure functions, which contributions are proportional to the charged lepton mass, and therefore difficult to constrain in muon and electron neutrino experiments.

We present results of an updated calculation of the 2p2h (two particle two hole) contribution to the neutrino-induced charge-current cross section. We provide also some exclusive observables, interesting from the point of view of experimental studies, e.g. distributions of momenta of the outgoing nucleons and of available energy, which we compare with the results obtained within the NEUT generator. We also compute, and separate from the total, the contributions of 3p3h mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the differences between the present results and previous implementations of the model in MC event-generators, done at the level of inclusive cross sections, which might significantly influence the experimental analyses, particularly in the cases where the hadronic observables are considered.

We present a study of the \\(\\tau\\) polarization in charged-current quasielastic (anti)neutrino-nucleus scattering. The spectral function formalism is used to compute the differential cross section and the polarization components for several kinematical setups, relevant for neutrino-oscillation experiments. The effects of the nuclear corrections in these observables are investigated by comparing the results obtained using two different realistic spectral functions, with those deduced from the relativistic global Fermi gas model, where only statistical correlations are accounted for. We show that the spectral functions, although they play an important role when predicting the differential cross sections, produce much less visible effects on the polarization components of the outgoing \\(\\tau\\).

We have improved the tree-level model of Ref arXiv:1004.5484 [hep-ph] for weak production of kaons off nucleons by partially restoring unitarity. This is achieved by imposing Watson's theorem to the dominant vector and axial-vector contributions in appropriate angular momentum and isospin quantum number sectors. The observable consequences of this procedure are investigated.

Radiative corrections to elastic scattering represent an important part of the interpretation of electron-induced nuclear reactions at small energy transfers, where they represent a dominant part of the background. Here we present and validate a new event generator for simulating QED radiative processes in electron-carbon scattering that exactly calculates the coherent sum of the Bethe-Heitler amplitudes for the leading diagrams. We demonstrate that the generator describes the shape of the radiative tail of an elastic peak with a precision better than 10 % over the whole energy range of the scattered electrons and can thus be reliably employed in the analyses of electron scattering experiments for more precise extraction of inelastic cross-sections.

We present results for the quasi-elastic weak production of \\(\\Lambda\\) and \\(\\Sigma\\) hyperons induced by \\(\\bar{\\nu}\\) scattering off nuclei, in the kinematical region of interest for accelerator neutrino experiments. We employ realistic hole spectral functions and we describe the propagation of the hyperons in the nuclear medium by means of a Monte Carlo cascade. The latter strongly modifies the kinematics and the relative production rates of the hyperons, leading to a non-vanishing \\(\\Sigma^+\\) cross section, to a sizable enhancement of the \\(\\Lambda\\) production and to a drastic reduction of the \\(\\Sigma^0\\) and \\(\\Sigma^-\\) distributions. We also compute the quasi-elastic weak \\(\\Lambda_c\\) production cross section, paying special attention to estimate the uncertainties induced by the model dependence of the vacuum \\(n\\to \\Lambda_c\\) weak matrix element. In this regard, the recent BESIII measurements of the branching ratios of \\(\\Lambda_c\\rightarrow \\Lambda l^+\\nu_l\\) (\\(l=e,\\mu\\)) are used to benchmark the available theoretical predictions.

A thorough understanding of neutrino-nucleus scattering physics is crucial for the successful execution of the entire US neutrino physics program. Neutrino-nucleus interaction constitutes one of the biggest systematic uncertainties in neutrino experiments - both at intermediate energies affecting long-baseline Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), as well as at low energies affecting coherent scattering neutrino program - and could well be the difference between achieving or missing discovery level precision. To this end, electron-nucleus scattering experiments provide vital information to test, assess and validate different nuclear models and event generators intended to be used in neutrino experiments. In this white paper, we highlight connections between electron- and neutrino-nucleus scattering physics at energies ranging from 10s of MeV to a few GeV, review the status of ongoing and planned electron scattering experiments, identify gaps, and layout a path forward that benefits the neutrino community. We also highlight the systemic challenges with respect to the divide between the nuclear and high-energy physics communities and funding that presents additional hurdle in mobilizing these connections to the benefit of neutrino programs.