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Oxycodone, often used as an analgesic, is a potent opioid. While its effectiveness has been proven in the control of moderate to acute pain, excessive use of oxycodone imposes heart failure, heart palpitations, reduction of red blood cells, bone pain, and even death. Therefore, monitoring the oxycodone concentration in blood is vital for emergency care. For this purpose, a novel electrochemical sensor was designed based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with mesoporous g-C 3 N 4 (M-C 3 N 4 ), carbon nano-onions doped with nitrogen (N-CNO), and gold nanoparticles. At first, the SEM and XRD techniques were employed to characterize prepared M-C 3 N 4 and N-CNO samples. The electro-oxidation behavior of the oxycodone was evaluated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric methods. Based on the influence of the potential scanning rate and solution pH on the voltammetric response of oxycodone oxidation, a redox mechanism was proposed. A 16 nM detection limit was acquired for the oxycodone analysis with a linear response in the 0.05–150 µM range. This sensor showed a remarkable ability for oxycodone detection in plasma samples. The long-term stability, superior selectivity, and reproducibility of this sensor prove its ability to measure oxycodone accurately and precisely in authentic spices.

Due to the importance of energy storage systems based on supercapacitors, various studies have been conducted. In this research CuO, NCNO and the flower like CuO/NCNO have been studied as a novel materials in this field. The resulte showed that the synthesized CuO nanostructutes have flower like morphology which studied by FE-SEM analisis. Further, the XRD pattern confirmed the crystalline properties of the CuO/NCNO nanocomposite, and the Raman verified the functional groups and vibrations of the components of CuO/NCNO nanocomposite. In a two-electrode system at a current density of 4 A/g, the capacitance, power density, and energy density were 450 F/g, 3200 W/kg, and 98 Wh/kg, respectively. The charge transfer resistances of CuO and NCNO/CuO electrodes obtained 8 and 2 Ω respectively, which show that the conductivity and supercapacitive properties of nanocomposite are better than pure components. Also, the stability and low charge transfer resistance are other advantages obtained in a two-symmetrical electrode investigation. The stability investigation showed that after 3000 consecutive cycles, only 4% of the initial capacitance of the CuO/NCNO electrode decreased.

Epirubicin is prescribed as an essential drug for treating breast, prostate, uterine, and gastrointestinal cancers. It has many side effects, such as heart failure, mouth inflammation, abdominal pain, fever, and shortness of breath. Its measurement is necessary by straightforward and cheap methods. The application of aptamer-based electrochemical sensors is accounted as a selective option for measuring different compounds. In this work, a thiol-modified aptamer was self-assembled on the surface of the gold electrode (AuE) boosted with carbon nano-onions (CNOs), and coupled with methylene blue (MB) as an electroactive tracker to achieve a sensitive and selective aptasensor. In the absence of the epirubicin, CNOs binds to the aptamer through a π-π interaction enhancing the MB electrochemical signal. When epirubicin binds to the aptamer, the adsorption of CNOs and MB to the aptamer is not well established, so the electrochemical signal is reduced, consequently, the epirubicin value can be measured. The prepared aptasensor demonstrated an excellent sensitivity with a curve slope of 0.36 μI/nM, and 3 nM limit of detection in the linear concentration range of 1–75 nM. The prepared aptasensor was accurately capable of measuring epirubicin in blood serum samples.

Here, calcium tungstate nanoparticles (CWONPs) were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The reaction parameters including calcium salt concentration, surfactant concentration, reaction time and temperature have been optimized by Taguchi Design Method for smaller particles size. The morphology, size, crystallinity and chemical structure of nanoparticles were investigated by different methods. The optimized calcium tungstate nanoparticles ( opt -CWONPs) with average size of 51 nm were showed outstanding removal effectiveness for three different pollutants including methyl orange, imipenem and imatinib mesylate over UV illumination. Nearly, 100% of methyl orange, 98% of imipenem and 60% of imatinib mesylate are degraded at 1800s over opt- CWONPs with banggap 3.7 eV. In addition, a modified carbon paste electrode was formed with opt- CWONPs and linear sweep voltammetry was used to analyze its electrocatalytical activity in acidic media. The findings showed that the carbon paste electrode modified by opt- CWONPs had a higher current density in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) than the bare carbon paste electrode. This article has subsequently revealed a revolutionary method for opt- CWONPs preparation and demonstrated its multifunctionality as photocatalyst and electrocatalyst active ingredients.

The new nanocomposite with various molar ratios along with magnetic properties was fabricated via precipitation (assisted by ultrasonic) procedure. The photocatalytic effects of methylene blue (∼90% degradation for optimized sample in 100 min) for finding the optimized sample performed under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the photo-antibacterial impacts of bacteria culture environments were found with an optimized sample that had effective destruction of bacteria in comparison to control group. The cytotoxicity properties of panc1 cells and magnetic behaviors of the obtained nanomaterials were evaluated and its IC50 was about 500 mg/L. As an initial step, the structural, morphological and magnetic characteristics of the fabricated nanocomposites were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and MAP, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) approaches. Based on SEM results, the size of nanoparticles in fabricated nanocomposite was nearly 50–70 nm for Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 and 80–100 nm for Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2/CeVO4. XRD results showed that desired nanocomposites were truly synthesized without any impurities.

We reported the tin (II) tungstate nanoparticles as the photocatalyst and sensor modifier that were synthesized via chemical precipitation reaction and optimized thru the Taguchi design method. The method predicted the best synthesis conditions that led to smaller particles and desired morphologies. Different techniques were used to characterize the chemical structure, morphology, and purity of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic behavior of different crystalline forms of the SnWO 4 nanoparticles ( α and β ) was considered by photodegradation of methylene orange and zolpidem under UV light irradiation, while the average size of β -SnWO 4 and α -SnWO 4 nanoparticles prepared in optimum conditions is about 17 nm and 20 nm, respectively. Efficiencies of degradation of methyl orange and zolpidem on β -SnWO 4 , in the presence of UV irradiation, were 93% and 98% and in the presence of α -SnWO 4 were 73% and 82% after 2100 s, respectively. Voltammetric sensing of zolpidem was designed by modification of carbon paste electrode via β -SnWO 4 nanoparticles and investigated for determination of the drug in aqueous solution.

Oxycodone, often used as an analgesic, is a potent opioid. While its effectiveness has been proven in the control of moderate to acute pain, excessive use of oxycodone imposes heart failure, heart palpitations, reduction of red blood cells, bone pain, and even death. Therefore, monitoring the oxycodone concentration in blood is vital for emergency care. For this purpose, a novel electrochemical sensor was designed based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with mesoporous g-C N (M-C N ), carbon nano-onions doped with nitrogen (N-CNO), and gold nanoparticles. At first, the SEM and XRD techniques were employed to characterize prepared M-C N and N-CNO samples. The electro-oxidation behavior of the oxycodone was evaluated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric methods. Based on the influence of the potential scanning rate and solution pH on the voltammetric response of oxycodone oxidation, a redox mechanism was proposed. A 16 nM detection limit was acquired for the oxycodone analysis with a linear response in the 0.05-150 µM range. This sensor showed a remarkable ability for oxycodone detection in plasma samples. The long-term stability, superior selectivity, and reproducibility of this sensor prove its ability to measure oxycodone accurately and precisely in authentic spices.

Rising health issues of Worldwide pollution by fossil fuel products are Fostering the development of safer materials such as biopolymers in many sectors such as food, pharmaceutical, medical and environmental industries. Indeed, biopolymers are often safe, biodegradable, cheap and easy to modify. Here we review photocatalysts based on polysaccharides for wastewater treatment. Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, carrageenan, alginate, chitin, chitosan and gum. The main reasons for using biodegradable biopolymers are their ability to adsorb pollutants and to be modified with nanoparticles and semiconductors.

Azaperone is a very important phenylbutanone-based neurotransmitter used in the treatment of some animal (veterinary) clinics. This compound has various nerve and tendon stabilizing agents on livestock and animals. Muscular injection of azaperone is used to reduce stress in livestock and reduce their acting. In the present work, Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -NH 2 /CS 2 nanocomposite was synthesized and thoroughly characterized using FE-SEM, FT-IR, and XRD technique. The glassy carbon electrode was then modified with nanocomposite to fabricate a sensor named GCE/Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -NH 2 /CS 2 . The application of modified electrode was tested for analysis of azaperone in ostrich meat and rat plasma. The electrochemical behavior of azaperone was tested using differential pulse and cyclic voltammetry. In Briton–Robinson buffer solution (pH = 6), azaperone had an oxidation peak at 0.82 V. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the azaprone oxidation process on the modified electrode is irreversible. Experimental variables, including pH and accumulation time were optimized by monitoring the cyclic voltammetry responses toward azaperone peak current. Measurement of azaperone by differential pulse voltammetry technique showed linearity of anodic peak current vs. azaperone concentration in a range of 0.01–100.0 μM with detection and quantification limits of 3 nM and 10 nM, respectively. Also, the effect of disturbance of some species as possible interferers on the electrochemical response of azaperone was checked out. Finally, the capability of the fabricated sensor for azaperone measurement was successfully tested in ostrich meat and rat plasma as real samples. Graphical abstract

We reported the tin (II) tungstate nanoparticles as the photocatalyst and sensor modifier that were synthesized via chemical precipitation reaction and optimized thru the Taguchi design method. The method predicted the best synthesis conditions that led to smaller particles and desired morphologies. Different techniques were used to characterize the chemical structure, morphology, and purity of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic behavior of different crystalline forms of the SnWO nanoparticles (α and β) was considered by photodegradation of methylene orange and zolpidem under UV light irradiation, while the average size of β-SnWO and α-SnWO nanoparticles prepared in optimum conditions is about 17 nm and 20 nm, respectively. Efficiencies of degradation of methyl orange and zolpidem on β-SnWO , in the presence of UV irradiation, were 93% and 98% and in the presence of α-SnWO were 73% and 82% after 2100 s, respectively. Voltammetric sensing of zolpidem was designed by modification of carbon paste electrode via β-SnWO nanoparticles and investigated for determination of the drug in aqueous solution.