Explore the vast range of titles available.

A new approach of coordinated global and regional climate modeling is presented. It is applied to the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Regional Climate Model (CanRCM4) and its parent global climate model CanESM2. CanRCM4 was developed specifically to downscale climate predictions and climate projections made by its parent global model. The close association of a regional climate model (RCM) with a parent global climate model (GCM) offers novel avenues of model development and application that are not typically available to independent regional climate modeling centers. For example,when CanRCM4 is driven by its parent model, driving information for all of its prognostic variables is available (including aerosols and chemical species), significantly improving the quality of their simulation. Additionally, CanRCM4 can be driven by its parent model for all downscaling applications by employing a spectral nudging procedure in CanESM2 designed to constrain its evolution to follow any large-scale driving data. Coordination offers benefit to the development of physical parameterizations and provides an objective means to evaluate the scalability of such parameterizations across a range of spatial resolutions. Finally, coordinating regional and global modeling efforts helps to highlight the importance of assessing RCMs’ value added relative to their driving global models. As a first step in this direction, a framework for identifying appreciable differences in RCM versus GCM climate change results is proposed and applied to CanRCM4 and CanESM2.

Rossi's Principles of Transfusion Medicine is the most comprehensive and practical reference on transfusion science and medicine available * Led by a world class Editor team, including two past-presidents of AABB, a past- President of the American Board of Pathology and members of the FDA Blood Products Advisory Committee , and international contributor team * Comprehensive reference resource, considered the gold standard in transfusion  * Covers current hot topics such as donor care – including the frequency of donation and management of iron deficiency/status), patient blood management, hemovigilance, cstem cell therapies, and global aspects of the organization of transfusion and transplant services * New material on molecular immunohematology * Companion website includes figures, full text and references 

An analysis of several ocean surface albedo (OSA) schemes is undertaken through offline comparisons and through application in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) fourthgeneration atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM4). In general, each scheme requires different input quantities to determine the OSA. Common to all schemes is a dependence on the solar zenith angle (SZA). A direct comparison of the SZA dependence of the schemes reveals significant differences in the predicted albedos. Other input quantities include wind speed and aerosol/cloud optical depth, which are also analyzed. An offline one-dimensional radiative transfer model is used to quantitatively study the impact of ocean surface albedo on the radiative transfer process. It is found that, as a function of SZA and wind speed, the difference in reflected solar flux at the top of the atmosphere is in general agreement between OSA schemes that depend on these quantities, with a difference <10 W m-2. However, for simpler schemes that depend only on SZA the difference in this flux can approach 10–20 W m-2. The impact of the different OSA schemes is assessed through multiyear simulations of present-day climate in AGCM4. Five-year means of the reflected clear-sky flux at the top of the atmosphere reveal local differences of up to several watts per meters squared between any of the schemes. Globally, all schemes display a similar negative bias relative to the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) observations. This negative bias is largely reduced by comparison with the recently released Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data. It is shown that the local upward clear-sky flux at the surface is more sensitive to the OSA formulation than the clear-sky upward flux at the top of atmosphere. It is found that the global energy balance of the model at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface is surprisingly insensitive to which OSA scheme is employed.

The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization, and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large-scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three-dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution equivalent roughly to 2.8∘) and ocean (nominally 1∘) general circulation models, a sea-ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.6 K) than its predecessor, CanESM2 (3.7 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations contribute to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.

Mature eastern hemlock-northern hardwood forest cover decreased drastically in the upper Midwest following European settlement and has yet to rebound substantially. Previous studies show that stands retaining substantial hemlock canopy coverage have low hemlock seedling and sapling densities. Results from various geographically restricted studies suggest several possible mechanisms that could cause low seedling or sapling density. We examined the relative importance of these proposed mechanisms in the Southern Superior Uplands Section of the Laurentian Forest Province. We surveyed 294-m2plots in 100 hemlock stands in northern Wisconsin and western upper Michigan to assess how these proposed mechanisms affect the number of hemlock seedlings and saplings in four sequential size classes. Seedling and sapling abundance increases with greater light availability and differs significantly among geographically distinct ecological units (ecological subsections). In contrast, the abundance of medium and large saplings (30-99 and 100-300 cm tall) appears unrelated to light and geographic factors but declines as deer browsing increases, diminishing rccruitment of larger saplings. The abundance of seedlings and saplings in each size class also depends strongly on the number of seedlings or saplings in the next smaller size class at the same site, reflecting demographic inertia. Path analysis integrates and separates these effects, explaining 24% of the regional variation in seedling abundance, 63% of small sapling abundance, and ∼80% of medium and large sapling abundance. Light and ecological subsection directly affect the number of seedlings and small saplings, whereas deer browsing directly affects the number of medium saplings. Demographic inertia remains important for all larger size classes. These results imply that restoring hemlock populations requires both appropriate microsites for seedling establishment and sanctuary from excessive browse for successful recruitment.

Browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can profoundly affect the abundance and population structure of several woody and herbaceous plant species. Enclosure studies and population surveys reveal that past and current deer densities as low as 4 deer/km2 may prevent regeneration of the once common woody species, Canada yew (Taxus canadensis), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), as well as several herbaceous species. Prior to European settlement, forests in northern Wisconsin contained relatively sparse deer populations (<4/km2), but extensive timber cutting in the late nineteenth century boosted deer populations. Continued habitat fragmentation resulting from scattered timber harvests and the creation of \"wildlife openings\" to improve deer forage maintain these high densities throughout much of the Northeast. Because deer wander widely, the effects of high deer densities penetrate deeply into remaining stands of old and mature forest, greatly modifying their composition. Thus, abundant early successional and \"edge\" habitat, and the high deer densities they engender, represent significant external threats to these plant communities. We hypothesize that establishing large (200-400 km2) continuous areas of maturing forest, especially in conjunction with increased hunting, could reduce local deer densities and so provide a simple and inexpensive method for retaining species sensitive to the deleterious effects of browsing.

This is a retrospective study comparing two groups of adults with severe mental illnesses in a clubhouse program, who were employed from October 1995 to June 1999. Long-Term Workers, (n = 22) were those who have held a job for over one year duration, while Short-Term Workers, (n = 20) were those who were not able to hold a job for more than a year. Data was gathered through focus groups, and individual interviews. Statistical data found the LTW group overall less disabled, possessing a positive attitude and setting more realistic vocational goals.

Emergency nursing is an ever-growing segment of the nursing profession and is currently in high demand. With more than 136 million annual patient visits to emergency departments in the U.S. alone, emergency nurses constantly find themselves in high-risk situations that are both physically and emotionally tasking. Nurses often describe their role in the fast-paced environment of the emergency department as both stressful and extremely fulfilling. By its very nature, emergency nursing is full of moving pieces and shifting roles and responsibilities. Given that complexity, how do you find your place and determine if this is the right area of practice for you? Emergency Nursing: The Profession, the Pathway, the Practice provides students, new nurses, and existing emergency nurses the tools and information they need to pursue and sustain a successful career in emergency healthcare. Author Jeff Solheim informs readers about the multitude of career opportunities within the context of emergency nursing. He introduces nurses to the emergency department and how it differs from other healthcare settings, explaining the challenges and patient populations that emergency nurses will face on a regular basis. Filled with facts, notes, and practical advice, this book is a valuable resource for any nurse eager to learn more about emergency care.

The evaluation of water bodies “at risk” of not achieving the Water Framework Directive's (WFD) goal of “good status” begs the question of how big a risk is acceptable before a programme of measures should be implemented. Documentation of expert judgement and statistical uncertainty in pollution budgets and water quality modelling, combined with Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian belief networks, make it possible to give a probabilistic interpretation of “at risk”. Combined with information on abatement costs, a cost-effective ranking of measures based on expected costs and effect can be undertaken. Combined with economic valuation of water quality, the definition of “disproportionate cost” of abatement measures compared to benefits of achieving “good status” can also be given a probabilistic interpretation. Explicit modelling of uncertainty helps visualize where research and consulting efforts are most critical for reducing uncertainty. Based on data from the Morsa catchment in South-Eastern Norway, this paper discusses the relative merits of using Bayesian belief networks when integrating biophysical modelling results in the benefit-cost analysis of derogations and cost-effectiveness ranking of abatement measures under the WFD.

This study examines the three arborescent genera previously recognized as constituting the subtribe Reevesiinae of the Helictereae (Sterculiaceae), namely Reevesia Lindley, Veeresia Monachino et Moldenke, and Ungeria Schott et Endlicher. Gross morphology, pollen and wood were examined to elucidate the intergeneric and, to a lesser extent, intrageneric relationships of these taxa. Veeresia, based originally on a misinterpretation of the floral morphology of the Old World genus Reevesia, is here placed in synonymy with Reevesia, extending the range of the genus from Asia to the New World. No formal designation of species groups within Reevesia is warranted at present. This treatment recognizes 25 species and 2 varieties within Reevesia. An artificial key to all taxa is provided. Two New World taxa are recognized, the Mexican R. clarkii (Monachino et Moldenke) Solheim comb. nov. and the newly discovered R. mesoamericana Solheim of Mexico and Central America. A brief synopsis of the 23 species and 2 varieties of the Old World is augmented with illustrations and maps for each taxon. One species is described as new (R. javanica Solheim) and another (R. latifolia (Anthony) Solheim) is elevated to species status. The biogeographic significance of the eastern North America - eastern Asia disjunction of Reevesia is discussed. The recent recognition of fossil Reevesia pollen in Tertiary deposits from North America, combined with the previously known scattered but widespread fossil record for Eurasia, supports the notion that modern Reevesia is a relic of a former, more widespread occurrence in the \"Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora\". The biogeographic history of Ungeria, as a monotypic genus endemic to a young, isolated island, is more enigmatic. The relationship of Ungeria to Reevesia and to the rest of the Helictereae is yet to be clarified, awaiting further study of other genera within the Helictereae.