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"Song, Nan"
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Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome by Phosphorylation
The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) senses a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Upon activation, NLRP3 triggers the assembly of inflammasome via the self-oligomerization and the recruitment of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) and pro-caspase-1, facilitating the robust immune responses including the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. The NLRP3 inflammasome must be well orchestrated to prevent the aberrant activations under physiological and pathological conditions, because uncontrolled activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is one of the major causes of a variety of autoimmune diseases and metabolic disorders. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms for controlling NLRP3 inflammasome activation may provide novel strategies for the treatment of NLRP3-related diseases. Although NLRP3 inflammasome can be regulated at the transcriptional level, the post-translational modification (PTM) of NLRP3 as well as other inflammasome components has also been showed to be critical for the regulation of its activation. Several kinases and phosphatases have been shown to control NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to either exogenous pathogen infections or endogenous molecules, such as bile acids. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of phosphorylation patterns and their functional role in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and suggest interesting areas for future research.
Journal Article
Awakening the dragon : the dragon boat festival
In ancient times, the Chinese saw the dragon as both a protector and a threat, able to bring on rain or cause droughts. To honor this powerful creature, people created long narrow boats that they raced in an annual rainmaking festival. From the wearing of fragrant pouches, to the consumption of rice dumplings, to thrilling boat races, the dragon boat festival of today is a celebration of Chinese traditions all over the world. Arlene Chan, a respected librarian and an experienced dragon boat racer, explores the origins of the festival, it's customs, and the races themselves. Beautifully detailed illustrations by Song Nan Zhang let you experience the beauty and energy of this ancient festival.
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Bright and Multicolor Chemiluminescent Carbon Nanodots for Advanced Information Encryption
The various luminescent properties of carbon nanodots (CDs) reveal fascinating applications in several areas. Here, bright and multicolor chemiluminescence (CL) is realized from CDs, whose CL quantum yield can be optimized by adjusting the energy level alignment between the CDs and 1,2‐dioxetanedione intermediate generated from the reaction of peroxalate and hydrogen peroxide. A CL quantum yield of 9.32 × 10−3 Einsteins mol−1, maximal luminance of 3.28 cd m−2, and lifetime of 186.4 s are achieved in red CDs, all of which are the best values ever reported for CDs. As a proof‐of‐concept prototype, a high‐quality information encryption strategy is established via CD based CL imaging techniques by virtue of the high brightness and multicolor CL. Bright and Multicolour Chemiluminescence (CL) based on carbon nanodots (CDs) are developed by chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence. The CD based CL systems exhibit quantum yields up to 9.32 × 10‐3 Einsteins mol‐1, luminance up to 3.28 cd m‐2 and lifetimes up to 186.4 s. Information encryption and multicolour anti‐counterfeiting with active luminescence are demonstrated by the CL system.
Journal Article
Near‐Infrared Chemiluminescent Carbon Nanodots and Their Application in Reactive Oxygen Species Bioimaging
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in the body and related to many pathophysiological processes. Hence, detection of ROS is indispensable in understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. Here, near‐infrared (NIR) chemiluminescent (CL) carbon nanodots (CDs) are fabricated for the first time and their CL quantum yield can reach 9.98 × 10−3 einstein mol−1, which is the highest value ever reported for CDs until now. Nanointegration of NIR CDs and peroxalate (P‐CDs) through the bridging effect of amphiphilic triblock copolymer can serve as turn‐on probes for the detection and imaging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Considering high efficiency and large penetration depth of NIR photons, the P‐CDs are employed in bioimaging H2O2 in vitro and in vivo, and the detection limit can reach 5 × 10−9 m, among the best reported of CDs‐based sensors. Moreover, imaging of inflammatory H2O2 in a mouse model of peritonitis is achieved by employing the P‐CDs as sensors. The results may provide a clue for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammation or cancers employing CL CDs as sensors. NIR carbon nanodots (CDs) with efficient chemiluminescence are developed. Nanointegration of NIR CDs and peroxalate can serve as turn‐on probes for bioimaging of exogenous and endogenous H2O2 in vitro and in vivo with the detection limit is 5 × 10−9 m. Bioimaging inflammatory H2O2 in a mouse model of peritonitis is achieved.
Journal Article
Comparison of prognosis and outcomes of catheter ablation versus drug therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and stable coronary artery disease: A prospective propensity‐score matched cohort study
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) frequently coexist. Hypothesis To investigate the prognosis of catheter ablation versus drug therapy in patients with AF and SCAD. Methods In total, 25 512 patients with AF in the Chinese AF Registry between 2011 and 2019 were screened for SCAD. 815 patients with AF and SCAD underwent catheter ablation therapy were matched with patients by drug therapy in a 1:1 ratio. Primary end point was composite of thromboembolism, coronary events, major bleeding, and all‐cause death. The secondary endpoints were each component of the primary endpoint and AF recurrence. Results Over a median follow‐up of 45 ± 23 months, the patients in the catheter ablation group had a higher AF recurrence‐free rate (53.50% vs. 18.41%, p < .01). In multivariate analysis, there was no significant difference between the strategy of catheter ablation and drug therapy in primary composite end point (adjusted HR 074, 95%CI 0.54–1.002, p = .0519). However, catheter ablation was associated with fewer all‐cause death independently (adjusted HR 0.36, 95%CI 0.22–0.59, p < .01). In subgroup analysis, catheter ablation was an independent risk factor for all‐cause death in the high‐stroke risk group (adjusted HR 0.39, 95%CI 0.23–0.64, p < .01), not in the low‐medium risk group (adjusted HR 0.17, 95%CI 0.01–2.04, p = .17). Conclusions In the patients with AF and SCAD, catheter ablation was not independently associated with the primary composite endpoint compared with drug therapy. However, catheter ablation was an independent protective factor of all‐cause death
Journal Article
Psychometric Evaluation of Chinese-Language 44-Item and 10-Item Big Five Personality Inventories, Including Correlations with Chronotype, Mindfulness and Mind Wandering
The 44-item and 10-item Big Five Inventory (BFI) personality scales are widely used, but there is a lack of psychometric data for Chinese versions. Eight surveys (total N = 2,496, aged 18-82), assessed a Chinese-language BFI-44 and/or an independently translated Chinese-language BFI-10. Most BFI-44 items loaded strongly or predominantly on the expected dimension, and values of Cronbach's alpha ranged .698-.807. Test-retest coefficients ranged .694-.770 (BFI-44), and .515-.873 (BFI-10). The BFI-44 and BFI-10 showed good convergent and discriminant correlations, and expected associations with gender (females higher for agreeableness and neuroticism), and age (older age associated with more conscientiousness and agreeableness, and also less neuroticism and openness). Additionally, predicted correlations were found with chronotype (morningness positive with conscientiousness), mindfulness (negative with neuroticism, positive with conscientiousness), and mind wandering/daydreaming frequency (negative with conscientiousness, positive with neuroticism). Exploratory analysis found that the Self-discipline facet of conscientiousness positively correlated with morningness and mindfulness, and negatively correlated with mind wandering/daydreaming frequency. Furthermore, Self-discipline was found to be a mediator in the relationships between chronotype and mindfulness, and chronotype and mind wandering/daydreaming frequency. Overall, the results support the utility of the BFI-44 and BFI-10 for Chinese-language big five personality research.
Journal Article
Loss of mitochondrial single stranded DNA-binding protein (mtSSB) gene is associated with mitochondrial genome fragmentation in Psocodea (bark lice, book lice, and parasitic lice)
Background
Organelle genome fragmentation is a drastic large-scale chromosomal mutation. Why and how organelle genomes become fragmented is still poorly understood. Two previous studies based on whole genome comparison between human louse and fruit fly proposed that the loss of
mtSSB
gene (for mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein) might be associated with mitochondrial (mt) genome fragmentation. Whether this association is valid has not been investigated due to the lack of mt genome fragmentation data.
Results
We investigated this association by exploring the genomic and transcriptomic data of 198 species of parasitic lice, book lice, bark lice, and other closely related hemipteroid insects accumulated in the past few decades. We show that the loss of
mtSSB
gene is correlated significantly with mt genome fragmentation in bark lice, book lice, and parasitic lice (Psocodea). The absence of
mtSSB
is more frequent than expected in the species with fragmented mt genomes whereas the presence of
mtSSB
is more frequent than expected in the species with single-chromosome mt genome organization. Nevertheless, our results reject a cause-and-effect relationship between the loss of
mtSSB
and mt genome fragmentation because
mtSSB
is present in 11 species of parasitic lice and one book louse species that have fragmented mt genomes.
Conclusions
The loss of
mtSSB
gene is correlated with mt genome fragmentation but is not the cause of mt genome fragmentation. Rather, it is plausible that fragmented mt genomes with multiple small-sized minichromosomes may make
mtSSB
gene and mtSSB protein less critical or unnecessary, leading to their loss eventually in the species with fragmented mt genomes.
Journal Article
A plant-derived natural photosynthetic system for improving cell anabolism
Insufficient intracellular anabolism is a crucial factor involved in many pathological processes in the body
1
,
2
. The anabolism of intracellular substances requires the consumption of sufficient intracellular energy and the production of reducing equivalents. ATP acts as an ‘energy currency’ for biological processes in cells
3
,
4
, and the reduced form of NADPH is a key electron donor that provides reducing power for anabolism
5
. Under pathological conditions, it is difficult to correct impaired anabolism and to increase insufficient levels of ATP and NADPH to optimum concentrations
1
,
4
,
6
–
8
. Here we develop an independent and controllable nanosized plant-derived photosynthetic system based on nanothylakoid units (NTUs). To enable cross-species applications, we use a specific mature cell membrane (the chondrocyte membrane (CM)) for camouflage encapsulation. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that these CM-NTUs enter chondrocytes through membrane fusion, avoid lysosome degradation and achieve rapid penetration. Moreover, the CM-NTUs increase intracellular ATP and NADPH levels in situ following exposure to light and improve anabolism in degenerated chondrocytes. They can also systemically correct energy imbalance and restore cellular metabolism to improve cartilage homeostasis and protect against pathological progression of osteoarthritis. Our therapeutic strategy for degenerative diseases is based on a natural photosynthetic system that can controllably enhance cell anabolism by independently providing key energy and metabolic carriers. This study also provides an enhanced understanding of the preparation and application of bioorganisms and composite biomaterials for the treatment of disease.
Proof of concept of the viability of a plant-derived photosynthetic system based on nanothylakoid units encapsulated in a chondrocyte membrane to enhance cell anabolism in chondrocytes is demonstrated.
Journal Article
circRNA is a potential target for cardiovascular diseases treatment
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of endogenous noncoding RNA, are characterized by their covalently closed-loop structures without a 5′ cap or a 3′ poly(A) tail. With the evolution of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics, an increasing number of circRNAs have been discovered, and their functions were highlighted. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the world’s leading killers, with serious impacts on human health. Although significant progress has been made in clarifying the development of CVDs from the molecular to the cellular level, CVDs remain one of the leading causes of death in humans. circRNAs mainly function as a “sponge” to absorb microRNAs, which results in the positive control of downstream proteins. They play important regulatory roles in the development of CVDs. This paper reviews current knowledge on the biogenesis, detection and validation, translation, translocation and degradation, and general functions of circRNAs, with a focus on their roles in CVDs.
Journal Article