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Copper (Cu) surfaces with bimodal nanoporosity can be used for a variety of applications. This research shows that bimodal nanoporous Cu surfaces can be fabricated by dealloying of an as-cast hypereutectic alloy Al75Cu25 (at.%) alloy, which solidifies as pre-eutectic Al 2 Cu (micrometre-scaled) and eutectic lamella of α-Al/Al 2 Cu (nanoscaled). The bimodal nanoporous Cu surface is a result of a microstructural length scale controlled dealloying process: In the beginning, the micrometre-scaled Al 2 Cu acts as a cathode enabling the preferential dissolution of α-Al (anode) for larger pores to form. Afterwards, the nanosize effect of α-Al overrides the intrinsic difference in electrochemical potential allowing for subsequent simultaneous dealloying leading to finer pores. The assessment of the in situ Synchrotron XRD data of the formation of bimodal nanoporous Cu surfaces revealed a two-stage kinetic process, closely related to the formation of bimodal pores during the microstructural length scale controlled dealloying process. The underlying rationales and implications are discussed.

A two-stage weight loss program draws on decades of medical and psychiatric expertise to explain how to regulate insulin levels, rather than calories, to promote fat burning and prevent the body from storing unnecessary fat.

Heterotrophic activity, primarily driven by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes, has traditionally been linked to nitrogen fixation in the root zone of coastal marine plants, leaving the role of chemolithoautotrophy in this process unexplored. Here, we show that sulfur oxidation coupled to nitrogen fixation is a previously overlooked process providing nitrogen to coastal marine macrophytes. In this study, we recovered 239 metagenome-assembled genomes from a salt marsh dominated by the foundation plant Spartina alterniflora , including diazotrophic sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria encode and highly express genes for carbon fixation ( RuBisCO ), nitrogen fixation ( nifHDK ) and sulfur oxidation (oxidative- dsrAB ), especially in roots stressed by sulfidic and reduced sediment conditions. Stressed roots exhibited the highest rates of nitrogen fixation and expression level of sulfur oxidation and sulfate reduction genes. Close relatives of marine symbionts from the Candidatus Thiodiazotropha genus contributed ~30% and ~20% of all sulfur-oxidizing dsrA and nitrogen-fixing nifK transcripts in stressed roots, respectively. Based on these findings, we propose that the symbiosis between S. alterniflora and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria is key to ecosystem functioning of coastal salt marshes. The mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions in coastal ecosystems are little explored. Here, the authors use multi-omics and biogeochemical measurements to investigate the saltmarsh cordgrass root microbiome and its role in coupling nitrogen fixation and sulfur cycling.

Patients diagnosed with heart failure have high rates of mortality and morbidity. Based on promising preclinical studies, vagal nerve stimulation has been trialled in these patients using whole nerve electrical stimulation, but the results have been mixed. This is, at least in part, due to an inability to selectively recruit the activity of specific fibres within the vagus with whole nerve electrical stimulation, as well as not knowing which the ‘therapeutic’ fibres are. This symposium review focuses on a population of cardiac‐projecting efferent vagal fibres with cell bodies located within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and a new method of selectively targeting these projections as a potential treatment in heart failure. What is the topic of this review? Selective efferent vagal stimulation in heart failure. What advances does it highlight? Selectively targeting a population of cardiac‐projecting efferent vagal fibres with cell bodies within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus using optogenetics slows the progression of heart failure in rats.

Skeletal muscle repair is driven by the coordinated self-renewal and fusion of myogenic stem and progenitor cells. Single-cell gene expression analyses of myogenesis have been hampered by the poor sampling of rare and transient cell states that are critical for muscle repair, and do not inform the spatial context that is important for myogenic differentiation. Here, we demonstrate how large-scale integration of single-cell and spatial transcriptomic data can overcome these limitations. We created a single-cell transcriptomic dataset of mouse skeletal muscle by integration, consensus annotation, and analysis of 23 newly collected scRNAseq datasets and 88 publicly available single-cell (scRNAseq) and single-nucleus (snRNAseq) RNA-sequencing datasets. The resulting dataset includes more than 365,000 cells and spans a wide range of ages, injury, and repair conditions. Together, these data enabled identification of the predominant cell types in skeletal muscle, and resolved cell subtypes, including endothelial subtypes distinguished by vessel-type of origin, fibro-adipogenic progenitors defined by functional roles, and many distinct immune populations. The representation of different experimental conditions and the depth of transcriptome coverage enabled robust profiling of sparsely expressed genes. We built a densely sampled transcriptomic model of myogenesis, from stem cell quiescence to myofiber maturation, and identified rare, transitional states of progenitor commitment and fusion that are poorly represented in individual datasets. We performed spatial RNA sequencing of mouse muscle at three time points after injury and used the integrated dataset as a reference to achieve a high-resolution, local deconvolution of cell subtypes. We also used the integrated dataset to explore ligand-receptor co-expression patterns and identify dynamic cell-cell interactions in muscle injury response. We provide a public web tool to enable interactive exploration and visualization of the data. Our work supports the utility of large-scale integration of single-cell transcriptomic data as a tool for biological discovery.David McKellar et al. integrate single-cell and -nuclear transcriptomic analyses of mouse skeletal muscle in homeostatic conditions or following injury. The resulting transcriptomic model of myogenesis identified rare, transitional states and cell subtypes that are poorly represented in individual datasets, providing a valuable resource for the field.

This document summarizes the efforts of the EMMI Rapid Reaction Task Force on “Suppression and (re)generation of quarkonium in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC”, centered around their 2019 and 2022 meetings. It provides a review of existing experimental results and theoretical approaches, including lattice QCD calculations and semiclassical and quantum approaches for the dynamical evolution of quarkonia in the quark-gluon plasma as probed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The key ingredients of the transport models are itemized to facilitate comparisons of calculated quantities such as reaction rates, binding energies, and nuclear modification factors. A diagnostic assessment of the various results is attempted and coupled with an outlook for the future.

In order to analyze the transport and diffusion rules of pollutants in the 45° environmental open channel confluence area, the concentration distribution characteristics of pollutants under different velocities of main channel and pollutant mass flow rates of branch channel are studied using the standard k – ε turbulence model and component transport model based on ANSYS Fluent software. The results show that the pollutant have different three-dimensional characteristics. In the vertical distribution, the gradient of pollutant concentration changes the most in the middle layer of water, and the vertical mixing rate is faster in the bottom layer than the surface layer. In terms of horizontal distribution, the concentration gradient of the cross section decreases continuously from the upstream to the downstream. For the longitudinal distribution, pollutants flowing into main stream from tributaries spread along the tributaries, with the highest concentration near the tributaries. Variations of main channel flow velocity have a significant impact on the pollutant diffusion. As the flow velocity increases, the horizontal diffusion range of pollutants gradually decreases, while the longitudinal diffusion distance becomes longer. When the flow velocity is small, pollutants exhibit a block-shaped distribution. Conversely, at the high flow velocities, pollutants are observed to form narrow and elongated bands. With an increase in mass flow rate of pollutants, the lateral and vertical diffusion distances of pollutants increase further and the diffusion area increases. Reducing the mass flow rate of pollutants during discharge can effectively decrease the pollution range of downstream water bodies.