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Tar content in gasification products is a serious problem for fuel gas utilization in downstream applications. Catalytic steam reforming of tar to syngas is a promising way for the removal of tar from the gas products. Nickel-based catalysts, dolomite, and olivine have been widely investigated for tar cracking and reforming by various researchers. This paper presents a review of biomass gasification, tar composition, and its elimination process by using the above three catalysts. This paper summarizes the knowledge in the published literature associated with tar elimination during the biomass gasification including discussion on the effects of different support, promoter on the catalytic performance. The aim of this paper is to collect information on the performance of above catalysts to make them accessible to readers within one paper. Comparative studies on these catalysts carried out by some researchers have also been presented here which show that the nickel-based catalyst is much more active than dolomite and olivine, but they are more expensive and can be also deactivated. Compared to olivine, the dolomite shows better catalytic performance with much higher gas yield and H2. Calcination of these catalysts improves the catalytic activities but the amount of coke deposited on the surface of the dolomite is reported higher than that of the olivine, which may be resulted from the different Fe amount of the catalyst.

Cobalt oxides have been considered as a kind of highly efficient catalyst for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, lanthanum-cobalt composite oxides were prepared by using the co-precipitation method, and toluene was used as the model compound. Diversified techniques including XRD, SEM, Raman spectra, XPS, H 2 -TPR, and N 2 adsorption-desorption were applied to investigate the physicochemical properties of as-prepared materials. The composite catalysts showed different morphology including larger specific surface area and higher pore volume which would accelerate the adsorption of toluene and improve the amount of active sites on surface. Moreover, the addition of lanthanum could enhance the low-temperature reducibility, and it could be also beneficial to expose more Co 3+ and adsorbed oxygen species on the surface of catalysts which could accelerate the oxidation of toluene and lower onset oxidation temperature. 0.05La-Co (with a molar ratio of lanthanum against cobalt is 0.05) showed the best catalytic performance. The complete conversion of toluene was achieved at 225 °C under the condition of toluene concentration = 1000 ppm and SV = 20,000 ml·g −1 ·h −1 . Stability test over 0.05La-Co was conducted at 225 °C and it could maintain the 100% conversion of toluene for 720 min, indicating the excellent stability of as-prepared catalysts. Undoubtedly, lanthanum-cobalt composite oxide is a kind of promising material for the catalytic oxidation of VOCs.

Tar content in gasification products is a serious problem for fuel gas utilization in downstream applications. Catalytic steam reforming of tar to syngas is a promising way for the removal of tar from the gas products. Nickel-based catalysts, dolomite, and olivine have been widely investigated for tar cracking and reforming by various researchers. This paper presents a review of biomass gasification, tar composition, and its elimination process by using the above three catalysts. This paper summarizes the knowledge in the published literature associated with tar elimination during the biomass gasification including discussion on the effects of different support, promoter on the catalytic performance. The aim of this paper is to collect information on the performance of above catalysts to make them accessible to readers within one paper. Comparative studies on these catalysts carried out by some researchers have also been presented here which show that the nickel-based catalyst is much more active than dolomite and olivine, but they are more expensive and can be also deactivated. Compared to olivine, the dolomite shows better catalytic performance with much higher gas yield and H 2 . Calcination of these catalysts improves the catalytic activities but the amount of coke deposited on the surface of the dolomite is reported higher than that of the olivine, which may be resulted from the different Fe amount of the catalyst.

This study investigates the gasification of cellulose, lignin, corn stover (rich in cellulose) and walnut shells (rich in lignin) using CaO as a catalyst. The objective was to understand the effect of the different biomass components on the gasification products and the performance of the CaO catalyst. Notable results indicate distinctive product distribution: cellulose yields higher liquid (58%) and CO (95.36%) products, while lignin produces increased H2 (47.88%), CH4 (34.34%), and CO2 (29.58%). Gasification of biomass feedstocks, corn stover (cellulose-rich) and walnut shell (lignin-rich), aligns with pure cellulose and lignin trends. Catalyst characterization highlights that cellulose exhibits a greater tendency for coke formation, leading to elevated tar compounds and coke deposition on the catalyst surface. The solid residue from cellulose gasification displays a smaller pore volume (5.70 m2/g) and specific surface area, indicating undesirable catalyst rearrangement. XRD analysis indicates a higher carbonation rate of CaO in lignin-rich gasification, leading to increased CaCO3 formation. Further results show a higher CO2 concentration (3.35 mol/kg) and lower CO production (0.54 mol/kg) in corn stover gasification, contrasting with walnut shell (CO2: 14.24 mol/kg, CO: 1.24 mol/kg). The study underscores the quantitative assessment of biomass composition for optimizing gasification processes, vital for catalyst selection and ensuring efficient CO2 capture in industrial applications.

In this paper, mathematical models for a synthesized evaluation were established according to grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process. The models were used to select a power dispatch scheme considering hierarchies of material consumption, electrical efficiency, exergy efficiency, and environmental benefit. Four unit dispatch schemes, i.e., proportional fair allocation dispatch, conventional economic dispatch, economic emission dispatch, and economic emission dispatch with varied weights were investigated and compared. Analytic hierarchy process decision-making approach has been employed to find the optimal Pareto solution as the best tradeoff between cost and pollutant emission. The model indicated that the economic emission dispatch was preferred as the best option and could further reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emission, followed by the economic emission dispatch with varied weights. The assessment performed serves decision makers a valuable reference for policy making in the power dispatch sector.

Abstract Pelletization of low-value-added biomass materials such as furfural residue (FR) and sawdust was performed by using a lab-scale pelletizer. Effects of moisture content (MC), particle size, and a binder on quality parameters (e.g., pellet density, strength, and hardness) and on energy consumption were investigated. Quality of both kinds of biomass pellets was analyzed and compared. MC was found to be the more dominant parameter affecting biomass pellet density, strength, and hardness of furfural residue biomass pellets (FRBPs) and sawdust biomass pellets (SBPs), followed by particle size and a binder. The highest particle density of 1.419 g/cm3 for FRBPs (0.5–1.41 mm) and 1.243 g/cm3 for SBPs (0.25–0.5 mm) was achieved at MC of 8% and 18%. The highest decrease in relaxed density was observed at MC of 13% for FRBPs and 28% for SBPs. True density of FRBPs and SBPs made from particles of 0.25–0.5 mm was found higher than 0.5–1.41 mm. The highest strength and hardness (6.29 MPa and 401.3 N/mm2) for FRBPs was achieved at 5.5% MC and particles 0.25–0.5 mm. Optimum strength (6.03 MPa) and hardness (96.06 N/mm2) for SBPs were obtained at 18% MC and particles 0.25–0.5 mm. The lowest energy consumption (16.16 J/g) for FRBPs (0.25–0.5 mm) and 20.22 J/g for SBPs (0.5–1.41 mm) was achieved at MC of 13% and 28%. Addition of binding agent to FR sawdust decreased energy consumption of FRBPs and SBPs. SBPs quality was enhanced with the use of a binder. Heating value of FRBPs was found higher than SBPs.

Selection of the optimum level of current for charging and discharging operations is an important factor for the performance of lead–acid batteries in PV application. Realizing this situation, an experimental study was carried out to determine the performance of battery under different charging and discharging current. The battery was charged at an input current of 6, 12, and 18 A, whereas under these input charging currents the battery was discharged at constant loads of 5.7, 11.4, and 17.1 A. Then algebraic equations for the determination of battery ampere-hour capacity, in relation with state of charge, were formulated with the help of MATLAB software. The proposed model provides the battery output directly without going through the calculation of constant unknowns and battery ampere-hour capacity. It is different from previous models, which only evaluate the battery ampere-hour capacities with the help of already calculated battery ampere-hour capacities and other battery parameters from the same battery. During the study, it was found that the rate of charge and discharge affected the duration of charge and discharge as well as battery ampere-hour capacity. When the rate is increased, the number of ampere hours was decreased along with the battery operational time duration. The developed model equations were validated with ours as well as other researcher’s measured values; the corresponding values were much closer when the values of state of charge were at the range of 100–90%. This study may be useful to understand the energy storage within a PV system and to select the optimum level of current, which consequently lengthens the life of the battery and improves the overall performance of a Photovoltaic panel (PV) system.

The optimum operating conditions of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators were determined using both the quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative study was carried out by estimating DBD discharge power using the theoretical and experimental methods. The theoretical analysis was carried out to find a mathematical model, which describe the discharge power of the DBD actuator. The estimated results from the mathematical model were compared with the experimental values obtained from Lissajous figures. The qualitative analysis was used for the plasma flow visualization. The effects of the DBD design parameters were studied through the images captured using a high speed charge-coupled device camera. Simulation work was done in order to obtain an insight of the electric field responsible for the plasma formation using the commercial computer software. The results revealed that the performance of the DBD plasma actuator was influenced by various design parameters, especially by dielectric thickness and controlled by the input voltage characteristics.