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Conservation investment, particularly for charismatic and wide-ranging large mammal species, needs to be evidence-based. Despite the prevalence of this theme within the literature, examples of robust data being generated to guide conservation policy and funding decisions are rare. We present the first published case-study of tiger conservation in Indochina, from a site where an evidence-based approach has been implemented for this iconic predator and its prey. Despite the persistence of extensive areas of habitat, Indochina's tiger and ungulate prey populations are widely supposed to have precipitously declined in recent decades. The Seima Protection Forest (SPF), and broader Eastern Plains Landscape, was identified in 2000 as representing Cambodia's best hope for tiger recovery; reflected in its designation as a Global Priority Tiger Conservation Landscape. Since 2005 distance sampling, camera-trapping and detection-dog surveys have been employed to assess the recovery potential of ungulate and tiger populations in SPF. Our results show that while conservation efforts have ensured that small but regionally significant populations of larger ungulates persist, and density trends in smaller ungulates are stable, overall ungulate populations remain well below theoretical carrying capacity. Extensive field surveys failed to yield any evidence of tiger, and we contend that there is no longer a resident population within the SPF. This local extirpation is believed to be primarily attributable to two decades of intensive hunting; but importantly, prey densities are also currently below the level necessary to support a viable tiger population. Based on these results and similar findings from neighbouring sites, Eastern Cambodia does not currently constitute a Tiger Source Site nor meet the criteria of a Global Priority Tiger Landscape. However, SPF retains global importance for many other elements of biodiversity. It retains high regional importance for ungulate populations and potentially in the future for Indochinese tigers, given adequate prey and protection.

The Seima Protection Forest (SPF) covers 292,690 hectares in eastern Cambodia. It was created by Prime Ministerial Sub-decree in 2009 through an upgrading of the Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, which operated from 2002 to 2009. It protects large areas of Annamite mountain evergreen/semi-evergreen forest and Eastern Plains deciduous forest and includes many small wetlands. Of 41 Globally Threatened vertebrate species recorded (4 Critically Endangered and 14 Endangered), many occur in globally or regionally outstanding populations, including elephants, primates, wild cattle, several carnivores and a range of large birds. The site is also the ancestral home to a large number of ethnic Bunong people, for whom the forest is a key source of income and central to their spiritual beliefs.