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Automated vehicles (AVs) have the potential to enhance transportation for all, but current research suggests that women remain less engaged and more hesitant toward their adoption. This scoping review systematically analyses 34 peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and 2025 to assess how women’s experiences, needs, and concerns are represented in AV research. Using thematic analysis, we identify key facilitators and barriers to AV adoption and map them onto a Socio-Ecological Model spanning five levels: individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and policy. Our findings reveal a critical gap: while gender is frequently recorded as a demographic variable, women are rarely centred as primary users or co-creators in AV design and evaluation. Most studies rely on quantitative, mixed-gender approaches, with limited use of qualitative or participatory methods that could surface the nuanced realities of women’s mobility. As a result, vital concerns—such as safety, emotional comfort, caregiving roles, and design exclusion—are often overlooked in AV research. To address this, we introduce the WISE-AV Framework (Women-Informed Socio-Ecological Framework), which organises the multi-level influences shaping women’s engagement with AVs. This framework extends the Socio-Ecological Model with a gender lens and integrates principles from feminist HCI to emphasise transparency, participation, and embodied experience. Our study offers both theoretical and practical contributions: it provides a roadmap for researchers, designers, and policymakers to create more inclusive AV systems, and it delivers actionable recommendations to ensure that AVs are not just technologically advanced—but socially equitable. We argue that AVs can only fulfil their promise of safer, smarter mobility when they are designed not for a generic “user,” but with the diverse realities of women in mind.

There are two distinct bodies of literature on the Internet of Things, one that derives from a technical perspective, while the other comes from a human perspective. From a technical perspective, sensors can automatically detect physical activity, thus enabling elderly people to live independently, while sensors in essence check that they are active, remind them to take their pills, and so on. From a human perspective, people seek control over their lives, good health, social connection, and a sense of well-being that comes from having purpose and feeling competent in daily routines. So are technologies meant to enable users to stay in control of their lives and manage their relations and preferred routines, or do they undermine it, making elderly people feel subjects of surveillance and incompetent, disrupting their daily arrangements? And is there a middle path that we might take in design that creates innovative technologies that are aesthetic in form and function and empowering to use? In this paper, we offer a framework and examples of designs that bridge these perspectives.

An engaged community that reflects a diverse set of experiences is key to an equitable and livable city. However, maximizing engagement activities is often difficult when competing with residents’ busy schedules and hectic daily lives. To explore new opportunities in this space, we developed four augmented reality experiences to learn more about the potential for this technology to transform community engagement practices in the context of City 4.0. City 4.0 utilizes digital technologies to transform public services and the local economy. Its goal is to produce more sustainable urban and societal outcomes. Our findings suggest that augmented reality is least successful when used to recreate existing engagement practices, such as surveys or questionnaires, and more successful when it empowers a sense of agency and ownership over the process in its users. The way augmented reality situates information can aid in making public space feel personal to the individual. In this way, augmented reality’s affordances are less about overlaying digital information in physical space and more about how this can enable individuals to reclaim a sense of control and relevance in the relationship between citizens and councils. We aim to contribute: (a) novel interaction paradigms and an evaluation of their effectiveness and limitation, and (b) new insights into how to support citizens’ sense of agency in public discourse with augmented reality. This paper highlights the value of augmented reality’s affordances to bring to light new interactions between community engagement stakeholders.

سلط المقال الضوء على عرض كتاب سوسيولوجيا إنترنت الأشياء. قدم الكتاب رؤية اجتماعية لإنترنت الأشياء فهو ببساطة يمثل العلاقة بين الإنسان والأشياء المادية من حوله عبر الإنترنت، كما تتضمن المقال في مقدمته مجموعة من التساؤلات المهمة، ويتكون الكتاب من ثلاثة أجزاء هم الرؤية الاجتماعية للإنترنت، تفاعلية التصميم في الرؤية الاجتماعية لإنترنت الأشياء، التطبيقات الاجتماعية لإنترنت الأشياء، وعرض الجانب الأول الرؤية الاجتماعية لإنترنت الأشياء لثلاثة وتضمن ثلاثة فصول وهي جوانب الجمال في إنترنت الأشياء ومنتجاتها والذى أكد على أن تكنولوجيا الإنترنت ليست مجرد تكنولوجيات فحسب ولكنها نتاج ثقافي، كما تناول الفصل الثاني أبرز القضايا وهي قضية الأشياء والأماكن والماضي والحاضر والمستقبل والتعايش وتغير التقنيات الاجتماعية، وتحدث الفصل الثالث عن إعادة تطوير تقنيات إنترنت الأشياء لتشمل الطرائق التي توجد بها التقنيات عمليًا، كما طرح المقال الجزء الثاني من الكتاب بعنوان إنترنت الأشياء والتصميم الاجتماعي التفاعلي وفيه ثلاث فصول وهى ماكينة تحديد الاحتياجات، استكشاف التفاعلية في التصميم الاجتماعي لإنترنت الأشياء، استبصار تصميم الأماكن، وأشار المقال إلى الجزء الثالث من الكتاب التطبيقات الاجتماعية لإنترنت الأشياء وتضمن أربعه فصول وهي الاستشعار المنزلي، استطاعت المستخدمون أن يتفاعلوا أحاديًا مع الآلات، اشتراك الأطفال الذين يعانون اضطراب النمو العصبي من خلال تجارب تفاعلية متعددة الحواس في الفضاء الذكي، واختتم المقال بالإشارة إلى أن الكتاب قدم مبادرة اجتماعية لدراسة إنترنت الأشياء بصورة مستفيضة، كما قدم رؤية شمولية حول الأبعاد الاجتماعية لإنترنت الأشياء. كُتب هذا المستخلص من قِبل المنظومة 2022

Background and Objectives: this pilot study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in analyzing oral mucosal lesions from clinical images. Materials and Methods: a total of 110 clinical images, including 100 pathological lesions and 10 healthy mucosal images, were retrieved from Google Images and analyzed by ChatGPT-4o using a standardized prompt. An expert panel of five clinicians established a reference diagnosis, categorizing lesions as benign or malignant. The AI-generated diagnoses were classified as correct or incorrect and further categorized as plausible or not plausible. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and agreement with the expert panel were analyzed. The Artificial Intelligence Performance Instrument (AIPI) was used to assess the quality of AI-generated recommendations. Results: ChatGPT-4o correctly diagnosed 85% of cases. Among the 15 incorrect diagnoses, 10 were deemed plausible by the expert panel. The AI misclassified three malignant lesions as benign but did not categorize any benign lesions as malignant. Sensitivity and specificity were 91.7% and 100%, respectively. The AIPI score averaged 17.6 ± 1.73, indicating strong diagnostic reasoning. The McNemar test showed no significant differences between AI and expert diagnoses (p = 0.084). Conclusions: In this proof-of-concept pilot study, ChatGPT-4o demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy and strong descriptive capabilities in oral mucosal lesion analysis. A residual 8.3% false-negative rate for malignant lesions underscores the need for specialist oversight; however, the model shows promise as an AI-powered triage aid in settings with limited access to specialized care.

Background Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) is associated with an increased risk of depression, poor sleep and reduced health-related quality of life. Two phase III studies (KALM-1 and KALM-2) of difelikefalin showed reduced CKD-aP severity and improved itch-related health-related quality of life in patients with moderate and severe CKD-aP receiving haemodialysis for kidney failure. Objective We aimed to estimate the cost effectiveness of difelikefalin for patients with CKD-aP receiving haemodialysis for kidney failure compared to standard care from a UK National Health Service perspective. Methods A cohort model was developed with four health states representing levels of pruritus intensity over time, based on the KALM trials augmented with longer term CKD-aP severity data from another haemodialysis trial (SHAREHD) for standard care. Utilities were estimated from a mapping study of 5-D Itch to EQ-5D-5L in 487 patients receiving haemodialysis, costs were estimated based on resource use alongside the SHAREHD and 2018 unit costs, and inflated to 2021 costs. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years were discounted at 3.5% per annum. A de novo economic model was developed in Microsoft Excel with scenario analyses performed using a range of assumptions. Results In the base-case analysis over a time horizon of 64 weeks, using a placeholder cost of £75 per 28-days for difelikefalin, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of difelikefalin compared with standard care was £19,558/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Scenario analyses resulted in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios that ranged from £10,154/QALY (severe only) to £16,957/QALY (5-year horizon) for difelikefalin compared to standard care. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses suggested difelikefalin has a 48.6% probability of being cost effective at a threshold of £20,000/QALY and a 57.2% probability of being cost effective at a threshold of £30,000/QALY. Conclusions The cost effectiveness of difelikefalin in a range of scenarios could make it an important pharmacotherapy to address the high burden of disease and unmet need for treatments associated with CKD-aP in the UK.

Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) is associated with an increased risk of depression, poor sleep and reduced health-related quality of life. Two phase III studies (KALM-1 and KALM-2) of difelikefalin showed reduced CKD-aP severity and improved itch-related health-related quality of life in patients with moderate and severe CKD-aP receiving haemodialysis for kidney failure. We aimed to estimate the cost effectiveness of difelikefalin for patients with CKD-aP receiving haemodialysis for kidney failure compared to standard care from a UK National Health Service perspective. A cohort model was developed with four health states representing levels of pruritus intensity over time, based on the KALM trials augmented with longer term CKD-aP severity data from another haemodialysis trial (SHAREHD) for standard care. Utilities were estimated from a mapping study of 5-D Itch to EQ-5D-5L in 487 patients receiving haemodialysis, costs were estimated based on resource use alongside the SHAREHD and 2018 unit costs, and inflated to 2021 costs. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years were discounted at 3.5% per annum. A de novo economic model was developed in Microsoft Excel with scenario analyses performed using a range of assumptions. In the base-case analysis over a time horizon of 64 weeks, using a placeholder cost of £75 per 28-days for difelikefalin, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of difelikefalin compared with standard care was £19,558/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Scenario analyses resulted in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios that ranged from £10,154/QALY (severe only) to £16,957/QALY (5-year horizon) for difelikefalin compared to standard care. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses suggested difelikefalin has a 48.6% probability of being cost effective at a threshold of £20,000/QALY and a 57.2% probability of being cost effective at a threshold of £30,000/QALY. The cost effectiveness of difelikefalin in a range of scenarios could make it an important pharmacotherapy to address the high burden of disease and unmet need for treatments associated with CKD-aP in the UK.

Diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), an alimentary intoxication known to lead to intestinal symptoms, and caused by toxins produced by some dinoflagellates (including several ), represents a serious threat to public health. The aim of this paper was to provide information about the occurrence and abundance of potentially toxic harmful algal species causing DSP, and the associated concentration of okadaic acid (OA) toxins. The departing assumption was that in the study area there was an increase in the presence both of species and OA and its derivates that could result in a risk to the health of seafood consumers. During 2015-2016, water and shellfish samples were collected in the Mediterranean area (Sardinia, Italy). cells were counted according to Utermöhl's method from water samples, while mass spectrometry was used to identify lipophilic toxins in molluscs. A total of 46 non-compliant samples of were observed. Their non-compliance concerned their OA levels above the legal limit. Among toxic dinoflagellates, and were the species found mostly during DSP events. No cases of human intoxication have been reported, but continuous surveillance of toxic phytoplankton is necessary to predict and prevent its harmful effects on human health.

In Sardinia (Italy), bivalve molluscs production plays an important role in the trade balance. Diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), an intoxication caused by the ingestion of bivalve molluscs that have accumulated high levels of Okadaic acid (OA), may represent a serious risk for the public health and a remarkable economic loss for the producers. Aim of this work was to improve knowledge about the repeatability of OA accumulation phenome in various seasons trying to understand whether or not there was a trend. Also, the interaction between toxic algae and OA accumulation was examined. In this study, data of lipophilic toxins, water temperature and abundance of DSP-producing microalgal species were collected in a four-year period (2015–2018) in coastal production areas of Sardinia. Several episodes of OA positive values (>160 eq μgAO/Kg pe, Reg 853/04) were recorded during the study period in different production areas of Sardinia and in different seasons. A seasol repeatability of OA accumulation in molluscs was observed in some production areas; moreover, different temporal gaps between the presence of toxic algae and OA accumulation were reported. Toxicity was observed almost exclusively in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark (99%), being this matrix the most abundant species bred in Sardinia.

Annual and interannual dynamics of shellfish toxins and associated harmful algal species (HAS) were analyzed from 2015 to 2020 in Tortolì Lagoon (Sardinia, west Mediterranean Sea). Analysis of seasonal occurrence of different harmful algae, such as Dinophysis spp., Prorocentrum spp., Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Alexandrium minutum, was performed. The species Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis sacculus were responsible for the accumulation of lipophilic toxins belonging to the okadaic acid group (OAs) and pectenotoxins2 (PTX2) in bivalve mollusks. The highest HAS detection was recorded in the winter months; in particular, Dinophysis spp. was mostly present in January–February. Out of 1090 analyzed mollusk samples, 39 were non-compliant, exceeding the legal limits (160 μg OA eq/kg e.p.) reported in Regulation 853/2004 of the European Commission. A statistical analysis related to the presence of OA and PTX2 in mollusks with various environmental parameters (pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, algal density) was implemented, proving a clear winter seasonality. The present study highlights the necessity to better understand the different factors able to influence the production and accumulation of toxins in bivalve mollusks bred in an important Sardinian production area. The contribution of this research is important not only from an environmental and productive point of view but also from the view of implementing management in order to mitigate any harm to human health.