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We conducted a cross-sectional study to (I) determine the relative frequency of antifungal-resistant Aspergillus clinical isolates, (II) address changes in susceptibility to available antifungals in patients infected with Aspergillus spp. with COVID-19, and (III) determine mutations in the CYP51A and CYP51B genes of Aspergillus spp. Isolated from the clinical specimens. A total of 30 fungal species were enrolled in the study. The antifungal activities of itraconazole and voriconazole were assessed using azole-containing agar media in Petri dishes. After identifying resistance in the isolates, the CYP51A and CYP51B gene regions were sequenced using the designed primers, and mutations were identified. To amplify CYP51A and CYP51B, primers with the specified sequences were used. Genomic DNA from 22 azole-resistant Aspergillus isolates was amplified using the CYP51-A and CYP51-B gene primers. 12/22 (54.54%) azole-resistant A. flavus isolates with the Tandem Repeat (TR34)/L98H (leucine-to-histidine substitution) mutation, MICs above the CLSI Epidemiological Cutoff Value. One carried the F46Y /TR34. 5/22 azole non-WT A. fumigatus isolates, CYP51-A analysis revealed that M220I, S297T/ TR34/L98H mutations, 4 A.orezea isolates had C498T/TR34 at a CYP51-B gene. Antifungal susceptibility testing should be performed when possible, and efficient systems must be implemented to monitor the evolution of newly introduced azole-resistant Aspergillus spp. In addition, these data are useful for clinicians to understand the incidence of azole resistance, enabling optimal management of affected patients and helping choose the right solution for infection management.

Outer inflammatory protein A (OipA) is an essential adhesin of . We aimed to evaluate the effects of a recombinant OipA in the induction of crucial cytokines as a vaccine candidate and propolis as an adjuvant in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice were divided into nine groups according to the disposition of antigen and adjuvant and route of administration: subcutaneous (sc) or gavage. The administrated recombinant purified OipA and propolis concentrations were 10 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml, respectively. After vaccination, we measured expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokine genes in the spleen cells of mice by real-time PCR. All results were contrasted with the negative sample. By sc injection, the expression of INF-γ was increased 3.5 and 2.9-fold for OipA and OipA plus propolis, respectively. By gavage 4.4 and 11-fold increase was found for OipA and OipA plus propolis, respectively. The administration of propolis by gavage showed more increase than Sc injection concerning the production of INF-γ. The 11-fold increase for injection of OipA plus propolis by gavage was comparable OipA plus Freund's adjuvant injected subcutaneously. This result suggested an excellent immunological response toward OipA concerning the production of INF-γ in mice. In all cases there were no notable IL-4 production increases. The results confirm the efficiency of OipA in induction of IFN-γ production, and thereby the cellular immune response. Propolis could be a suitable adjuvant.