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Brazilian producers of noble garlic (Allium sativum L.) have sought to enhance the productivity and quality of garlic by applying a vernalization technique that induces bulb formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and quality of garlic bulbs produced from different noble garlic cultivars at varying vernalization temperatures. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Wehrmann Agricultural Group and was replicated three times on April 4th (Experiment I), April 18th (Experiment II), and May 16th, 2019 (Experiment III). The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme, with nine treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of three garlic cultivars: Quitéria, Ito, and Chonan, and three vernalization temperatures (-1 to -3°C; 1 to 3°C; and 2 to 4°C). After harvesting, the bulbs were counted, weighed, and classified based on sieves ranging from 2 to 8, according to the transverse bulb diameter. Following this classification, the commercial, total, and industrial bulb yields were estimated. Negative vernalization temperatures resulted in slower bulb development in all experiments; however, this was associated with a higher potential for bulb growth. Notably, the Chonan cultivar outperformed the other cultivars. Negative vernalization temperature increased the yield of bulbs in the 5–7 and 8 classes (higher commercial value classes), reduced the bulb yields in the 2–4 and industrial classes (lower commercial value classes), and enhanced the total yield.

The present study reports the occurrence of rotavirus A (RVA), rotavirus D (RVD), rotavirus F (RVF), rotavirus G (RVG), and picobirnavirus (PBV) in fecal specimens of wild (n = 22), and exotic birds (n = 1) from different cities of Pará state. These animals were hospitalized at Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pará, Brazil, in a period from January 2018 to June 2019. The animals exhibited different clinical signs, such as diarrhea, malnutrition, dehydration, and fractures. The results showed 39.1% (9/23) of positivity for RVA by RT-qPCR. Among these, one sample (1/9) for the NSP3 gene of T2 genotype was characterized. About 88.9% (8/9) for the VP7 gene belonging to G1, G3 equine like and G6 genotypes, and 55.5% (5/9) for the VP4 gene of P[2] genotype were obtained. In the current study, approximately 4.5% of the samples (1/23) revealed coinfection for the RVA, RVD and RVF groups. Furthermore, picobirnavirus (PBV) was detected in one of the 23 samples tested, and was classified in the Genogroup I. The findings represent the first report of RVA, RVD, RVF, RVG, and PBV genotypes in wild birds in Brazil, and due to wide distribution it can implies potential impacts of RVs, and PBVs on avian health, and other animals contributing to construction of new knowledge, and care perspectives.

ABSTRACT The present study reports the detection and molecular characterization of rotavirus A (RVA), rotavirus D (RVD), rotavirus F (RVF), rotavirus G (RVG) and picobirnavirus (PBV) in fecal specimens of wild and exotic birds (n = 23) from different cities of Pará state, which were hospitalized at Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pará, Brazil, between January 2018 to June 2019. The animals exhibited different clinical signs, such as diarrhea, malnutrition, dehydration and fractures. The results showed 39.1% (9/23) of positivity for RVA by RT-qPCR. Among these, one sample (1/9) for the NSP3 gene of T2 genotype was characterized. About 88.9% (8/9) for the VP7 gene belonging to G1, equine-like G3 and G6 genotypes, and 55.5% (5/9) for the VP4 gene of P[2] genotype were obtained. In the current study, approximately 4.5% of the samples (1/23) revealed coinfection for the RVA, RVD and RVF groups. Furthermore, picobirnavirus (PBV) was detected in 1 of the 23 samples tested and was classified in the Genogroup I. The findings represent the first report of the circulation of RVA, RVD, RVF, RVG and PBV genotypes in wild birds in Brazil and suggest the possible interspecies transmission of RVs and PBVs.