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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent worldwide health problem, affecting women more commonly than men. IPV is underreported and underrecognized by health care professionals. Even when IPV is recognized, it remains an underaddressed issue. In addition to physical injury and death, IPV causes significant physical and psychiatric health problems commonly treated by family physicians. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening all female patients of childbearing age for IPV. There are several brief screening tools that have been proven effective at detecting IPV and that can be used in the office setting. Identification of IPV allows the physician to provide better care and improves health outcomes for the survivor. Family physician offices should provide patients with local and national resources. Thorough documentation of injuries sustained from abuse is critical. Although caring for patients unready to leave an abusive relationship may be challenging for the physician, continuous, supportive care improves patient outcomes.

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is commonly diagnosed in primary care using an elevated Hemoglobin Ale (HgAlc) test. Diagnostic delay occurring between an initial abnormal HgAlc result and formal diagnosis affects timely diagnosis and treatment. Understanding risk factors of diagnostic delay is crucial to identify populations that disproportionately experience diagnostic delay. The objectives of this study are to investigate the risk factors associated with a longer delay in T2D diagnosis. Using time-based delay metrics, we compared subpopulations - defined by demographics and healthcare access characteristics - through a time-to-event model. This retrospective study analyzed health records of 2,307 patients across two primary care locations (PCL1 as baseline and PCL2 as a location with a more medically underserved population) from 2017 to 2023. Methods included parametric statistical tests, survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model to assess risk factors. Results show that 52.8% of patients in PCL1 and 55.3% in PCL2 remained undiagnosed six months after initial abnormal HgAlc, decreasing to 35.5% and 45.7% by the end of one year, respectively. Patients at the PCL2 experienced a 20% higher rate of delayed diagnosis compared to those at PCL1. Patients with Medicaid (and private) insurance plans experienced 63% (and 34%) higher delayed diagnosis compared to those with Medicare. Markov cohort state-transition model explored the dynamics of undiagnosed T2D patient cohorts over time. Results revealed that 10.6% of individuals had elevated HgAlc measurements without a formal diagnosis within one year after the observation. Findings emphasize the need for targeted follow-up strategies to improve timely T2D diagnosis.