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Sjögren’s syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the exocrine glands with an associated functional deficit. The clinical picture is characterized by symptoms such as dry eyes (xerophthalmia) and dry mouth (xerostomia). The disease is defined as primary if no other autoimmune diseases are associated, otherwise, it is defined as secondary. A systematic review was made using the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and keywords “biopsy,” “classification,” “clinical pathology,” “salivary glands,” and “Sjogren’s syndrome.” The diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome is based on a combination of clinical, serologic, instrumental, and histological features. In addition to ocular tests, a biopsy of the minor salivary glands represents one of the most relevant examinations for the diagnosis. In fact, the evaluation of specific histopathological features represents one of the most important criteria proposed in the last international consensus of 2016, which developed the most recent classification criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome. Knowledge of classification criteria, minor salivary gland biopsy techniques, and histopathological features are essential for the clinician to evaluate the pathology report and make a diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome. The aim of this review is to describe the classification criteria of the disease proposed to date, the main biopsy techniques used to analyze the minor salivary glands, and finally, the histopathological diagnostic scoring systems currently applied.

The purpose of this commentary is to update the evidence reported in our previous review on the advantages and limitations of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology in the promotion of dental business, as well as to guarantee patient and occupational safety. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented focus on infection prevention; however, waves of COVID-19 follow one another, asymptomatic cases are nearly impossible to identify by triage in a dental setting, and the effectiveness of long-lasting immune protection through vaccination remains largely unknown. Different national laws and international guidelines (mainly USA-CDC, ECDC) have often brought about dissimilar awareness and operational choices, and in general, there has been very limited attention to this technology. Here, we discuss its advantages and limitations in light of: (a) presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity, saliva, and dental biofilm and activation of dormant microbial infections; (b) the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosol and fomite contamination; (c) the detection of various oral manifestations of COVID-19; (d) specific information for the reprocessing of the scanner tip and the ward from the manufacturers.

Objectives: to compare the clinical effectiveness, safety, and aesthetic outcomes of different laser systems used for the treatment of oral vascular malformations. Materials and Methods: This review followed JBI guidelines and adhered to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 statement. The research was performed through the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms for MEDLINE (PubMed), while equivalent free-text terms were applied to Scopus and Web of Science. The initial database search was performed on 20 May 2024. Studies published from 2014 to 2024 focusing on laser therapy for oral vascular lesions were included. Data quality was assessed using NHLBI and ROBINS-I V2 tools. Results: Of the 139 articles identified, 11 met inclusion criteria, assessing Nd:YAG, diode, Er,Cr:YSGG, and CO2 lasers. The Nd:YAG laser was effective for deep vascular lesions with strong thermal effects. The diode laser provided excellent coagulation and minimal postoperative discomfort. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser offered faster healing and better cosmetic results. The CO2 laser showed effective results with low recurrence rates. Most studies reported reduced bleeding, pain, and recovery time following laser treatment. Conclusions: Laser therapy, particularly Nd:YAG, diode, and CO2 lasers, offers a safe, effective alternative for oral vascular malformations, providing improved outcomes and fewer complications. Future studies should include larger sample sizes and comparisons with traditional therapies.

Background and Objectives: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is a disease that affects many patients taking anti-angiogenic and antiresorptive medicines. Since the pathogenetic mechanism is still partially unknown, preventive strategies, as well as treatment alternatives, are needed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to describe the main evidence from the last 10 years of clinical trials regarding the use of auxiliary devices such as autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) and laser, other than their effects against MRONJ disease onset or therapy. Advantages in the healing process and recurrence rates were also analyzed. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of the electronic databases of PubMed and Scopus was carried out. Data from the studies were analyzed, and the risk of bias was evaluated. Results: Nineteen studies between interventional studies, observational studies, and cohort studies have been considered in this review. Conclusions: Based on the studies included, the literature analysis shows that APCs could be a beneficial alternative in preventing and treating MRONJ. Laser technology, as a surgical tool or used on the antimicrobial photodynamic or photobiomodulation side, has been becoming increasingly popular in the last few years. The latest proposal concerning the combination of both auxiliary tools suggests interesting effects, but more studies should be conducted to evaluate eventual relapses and long-term consequences.

Background/Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains associated with poor survival, and conventional prognostic indicators such as TNM staging provide limited accuracy. Saliva has emerged as a promising liquid biopsy, but evidence regarding its prognostic role is limited. This review systematically assessed salivary proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic biomarkers with prognostic value for survival and disease progression in OSCC patients. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to 7 June 2025, following PRISMA 2020 and JBI guidelines. Human studies evaluating associations between salivary biomarkers and prognosis in OSCC were included. Risk of bias was assessed with the QUIPS tool. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024535737). Results: Fifteen studies were included, involving 872 OSCC patients and 548 healthy controls. Biomarkers were identified using proteomic (n = 9), transcriptomic (n = 4), and metabolomic (n = 2) approaches. Among the most promising, miR-423-5p was independently associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS), AKR1B10 levels above 646 pg/mL predicted worse overall survival (OS), and 3-methylhistidine was validated as a metabolomic marker of reduced OS. Additionally, miR-1307-5p correlated with nodal metastasis and chemoresistance, Cyfra 21-1 with recurrence and grade, and a low apoptotic/non-apoptotic salivary microvesicle ratio with poorer outcomes. However, heterogeneity in methods, small sample sizes, and lack of external validation limit clinical applicability. Conclusions: Salivary biomarkers show potential as non-invasive tools for prognostic stratification in OSCC. Among the identified candidates, miR-423-5p, AKR1B10, and 3-methylhistidine provide the most robust evidence. Future multicenter, longitudinal studies with standardized protocols and validation are essential.

Background Gorlin syndrome, also known as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS) or basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome. It is characterized by the presence of numerous basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), along with skeletal, ophthalmic, and neurological abnormalities. It is essential to anticipate the diagnosis by identifying the pathology through the available diagnostic tests, clinical signs, and radiological manifestations, setting up an adequate treatment plan. Main body In the first part, we searched recent databases including MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Library by analyzing the etiopathogenesis of the disease, identifying the genetic alterations underlying them. Subsequently, we defined what are, to date, the major and minor clinical diagnostic criteria, the possible genetic tests to be performed, and the pathologies with which to perform differential diagnosis. The radiological investigations were reviewed based on the most recent literature, and in the second part, we performed a review regarding the existing jawbone protocols, treating simple enucleation, enucleation with bone curettage in association or not with topical use of cytotoxic chemicals, and “en bloc” resection followed by possible bone reconstruction, marsupialization, decompression, and cryotherapy. Conclusion To promote the most efficient and accurate management of GGS, this article summarizes the clinical features of the disease, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and surgical protocols. To arrive at an early diagnosis of the syndrome, it would be advisable to perform radiographic and clinical examinations from the young age of the patient. The management of the patient with GGS requires a multidisciplinary approach ensuring an adequate quality of life and effective treatment of symptoms.

Haemostasis disorders are serious pathologies that could put dental and surgical procedures at risk as they are associated with postoperative bleeding, which in some circumstances could be prolonged and dangerous for the patient. In-depth knowledge of the problems associated with coagulation pathologies and the suitable specific procedures should be implemented in dental practice. A good awareness of the clinical protocols to be used in these circumstances may help reduce operator stress and increase patient compliance. Collaboration with the haematologist is always recommended to establish an adequate treatment plan, both regarding the administration of therapies that promote haemostasis and for assessing the operative risk. Hereby, we summarize the congenital and hereditary pathologies that lead to haemostasis disorders, which can be found in patients undergoing dental procedures. The purpose of this narrative review is to frame the diseases from a clinical, anamnestic, and etiopathological standpoint, as well as to evaluate an operative approach to the pathology under consideration, with particular attention to anaesthesia manoeuvres and post-surgical haemostasis, to avoid hematoma formation and uncontrolled bleeding which can lead procedure failure up and even death. Of note, it is likewise important to educate the patient about prevention, to keep the oral cavity healthy and avoid invasive procedures, limiting the number of operative sessions.

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical condition with a chronic course, not specific to a particular disease, characterized by intense erythema, scaling, vesicles, and/or blisters that may involve both the marginal free gingiva (MG) and the neighboring adherent gingiva (AG). This scoping review aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between oral hygiene and gingival lesions induced by autoimmune diseases of the oral cavity and whether periodontal disease can negatively influence a clinical picture of desquamative gingivitis due to an immune disorder of the oral cavity. Case series studies and randomized controlled trials were considered for this scoping review; studies that did not comply with the inclusion criteria were excluded. A total of seven studies were selected for this review. The PRISMA-ScR (preferred reporting items for scoping reviews) consensus has been followed. Based on the included studies, it is possible to state that improvement in disease and patient-reported outcomes may be the result of appropriate oral hygiene education when patients are found to have autoimmune diseases with gingival manifestations.

Orofacial pain is a complex experience made up of different features and involving various aspects of life. It has demonstrated a connection, especially when chronic, with conditions such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders, through paths that still have not been completely clarified. A deep understanding of orofacial pain and its impact on an individual’s life is critical for planning accurate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the components constituting the pain experience, its implications in an individual’s life, the different tools for multidimensional pain assessment, and the specific applications for each tool. A comprehensive review was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases. Ninety-five studies, including observational studies, clinical trials, case–control studies, and case reports, were included and analyzed in this review. Orofacial pain assessment exploits several methods, ranging from clinical evaluation to rating scales, questionnaires, and daily diaries. The choice of the correct instrument requires an evaluation of the type of pain experienced, of the patient’s characteristics and abilities to complete particular tasks, and finally, of the assessment tool features.

Introduction: Lipomas are benign neoplasms originating from mesenchymal soft tissue, primarily composed of mature adipocytes and surrounded by a fibrous capsule. While they are relatively common in the head and neck region, oral cavity involvement is rare. Fibrolipoma (FL) is a variant characterized by lobules of adipocytes with dense collagen bands. Its etiology remains uncertain and can occasionally be found in the buccal mucosa. Surgical excision is the gold standard for oral lipomas, and the prognosis is generally favorable. This case report describes the excision of a buccal mucosa FL in a 92‐year‐old patient undergoing anticoagulant therapy using a diode laser. Methods: A 92‐year‐old patient with a medical history of benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension, under anticoagulant therapy, presented with a painless buccal mucosa swelling. The growth affected both the superficial and submucosal layers. Surgical removal of the FL using a diode laser was performed. Results: The diode laser excision of the FL was carried out successfully, with immediate cauterization, eliminating the need for sutures or hemostatic agents. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of FL. Postoperative healing was uneventful at both 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups. Conclusions: Oral FLs are rare benign tumors primarily treated through surgical excision. In this case, the use of a diode laser provided effective hemostasis, minimal scarring, and rapid recovery, making it a suitable option for patients under anticoagulant therapy. While this report presents promising results, further cases with longer follow‐up periods are needed to establish the effectiveness and safety of this technique. Laser technology continues to emerge as a valuable tool in oral pathology and surgery, offering minimally invasive alternatives to traditional approaches.