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Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations
In this review, we discuss the epidemiological dynamics of different viral infections to project how the transition from a pandemic to endemic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might take shape. Drawing from theories of disease invasion and transmission dynamics, waning immunity in the face of viral evolution and antigenic drift, and empirical data from influenza, dengue, and seasonal coronaviruses, we discuss the putative periodicity, severity, and age dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 as it becomes endemic. We review recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, immunology, and evolution that are particularly useful in projecting the transition to endemicity and highlight gaps that warrant further research.
Journal Article
Nitrous oxide production and consumption: regulation of gene expression by gas-sensitive transcription factors
Several biochemical mechanisms contribute to the biological generation of nitrous oxide (N2O). N2O generating enzymes include the respiratory nitric oxide (NO) reductase, an enzyme from the flavo-diiron family, and flavohaemoglobin. On the other hand, there is only one enzyme that is known to use N2O as a substrate, which is the respiratory N2O reductase typically found in bacteria capable of denitrification (the respiratory reduction of nitrate and nitrite to dinitrogen). This article will briefly review the properties of the enzymes that make and consume N2O, together with the accessory proteins that have roles in the assembly and maturation of those enzymes. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes that produce and consume N2O is regulated by environmental signals (typically oxygen and NO) acting through regulatory proteins, which, either directly or indirectly, control the frequency of transcription initiation. The roles and mechanisms of these proteins, and the structures of the regulatory networks in which they participate will also be reviewed.
Journal Article
Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Cognitive Function in a Cohort of Older Men
Background: Traffic-related particles induce oxidative stress and may exert adverse effects on central nervous system function, which could manifest as cognitive impairment. Objective: We assessed the association between black carbon (BC), a marker of traffic-related air pollution, and cognition in older men. Methods: A total of 680 men (mean ± SD, 71 ± 7 years of age) from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study completed a battery of seven cognitive tests at least once between 1996 and 2007. We assessed long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution using a validated spatiotemporal land-use regression model for BC. Results: The association between BC and cognition was nonlinear, and we log-transformed BC estimates for all analyses [ln(BC)]. In a multivariable-adjusted model, for each doubling in BC on the natural scale, the odds of having a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤ 25 was 1.3 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1 to 1.6]. In a multivariable-adjusted model for global cognitive function, which combined scores from the remaining six tests, a doubling of BC was associated with a 0.054 SD lower test score (95% CI, -0.103 to -0.006), an effect size similar to that observed with a difference in age of 1.9 years in our data. We found no evidence of heterogeneity by cognitive test. In sensitivity analyses adjusting for past lead exposure, the association with MMSE scores was similar (odds ratio = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7), but the association with global cognition was somewhat attenuated (-0.038 per doubling in BC; 95% CI, -0.089 to 0.012). Conclusions: Ambient traffic-related air pollution was associated with decreased cognitive function in older men.
Journal Article
Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis in Acutely Ill Medical Patients
In acutely ill patients, 10 days of rivaroxaban was noninferior to 10 days of enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis. Extended-duration rivaroxaban treatment (35 days) reduced the risk of venous thromboembolism. Rivaroxaban was associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Patients with active cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction, or acute exacerbations of a variety of medical conditions are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism.
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Prolonged immobilization and risk factors such as an age older than 75 years, chronic heart failure, a history of venous thromboembolism, and obesity can increase this risk further.
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Randomized, controlled trials involving hospitalized patients at increased risk for venous thromboembolism have shown the benefits of administering anticoagulant agents for up to 14 days,
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and guidelines recommend the use of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, or fondaparinux in such patients.
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There is some evidence that the risk . . .
Journal Article
A smoother notion of spread hypergraphs
Alweiss, Lovett, Wu, and Zhang introduced$q$-spread hypergraphs in their breakthrough work regarding the sunflower conjecture, and since then$q$-spread hypergraphs have been used to give short proofs of several outstanding problems in probabilistic combinatorics. A variant of$q$-spread hypergraphs was implicitly used by Kahn, Narayanan, and Park to determine the threshold for when a square of a Hamiltonian cycle appears in the random graph$G_{n,p}$. In this paper, we give a common generalization of the original notion of$q$-spread hypergraphs and the variant used by Kahn, Narayanan, and Park.
Journal Article