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In response to the failure of U.S. copyright law to protect foreign authors, nineteenth-century American publishers evolved an informal practice called the \"courtesy of the trade\" as a way to mitigate the public goods problem posed by a large and evergrowing commons of foreign works. Trade courtesy was a shared strategy for regulating potentially destructive competition for these free resources, an informal arrangement among publishers to recognize each other's wholly synthetic exclusive rights in otherwise unprotected writings and to pay foreign authors legally uncompelled remuneration for the resulting American editions. Courtesy was, in effect, a makeshift copyright regime grounded on unashamed trade collusion and community-based norms. This Article examines a particular feature of this informal system: the courtesy paratext. Typically appearing in the form of letters or statements by foreign authors, courtesy paratexts prefaced numerous American editions of foreign works published from the 1850s to the 1890s. These paratexts—supplements to the text proper—played a prohibitory role (not unlike the standard copyright notice) and also extolled the regulating and remunerating virtues of the courtesy system. Authorial paratexts continued to accompany texts well into the twentieth century—including, notably, American editions of James Joyce's and J.R.R. Tolkien's works—and enable us to observe the principles of courtesy as they operated less overtly to govern American publishers' treatment of unprotected foreign works. A little-examined source for understanding the history of copyright law and informal publishing norms, courtesy paratexts offer insight into a form of private ordering that rendered the American public domain a paying commons.

Exploring critical legal issues and cases of the period-from Oscar Wilde's prosecution for gross indecency to legal bans on such publications as D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover, Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness, and James Joyce's Ulysses-Modernism and the Law is the first book to survey the legal contexts of transatlantic Anglo-American modernist culture. Written by one of the leading authorities on the subject, the book covers such topics as: · Obscenity laws and censorship · Copyrights, moral rights, and the public domain · Patronage and literary piracy · Privacy, defamation, publicity, and blackmail Including an annotated list of relevant statutes, treaties, and cases, this is an essential read for scholars and students coming to the subject for the first time as well as for experienced scholars.

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most frequent complication during pregnancy. Untreated GDM is a severe threat to maternal and neonatal health. Based on recent evidence, up to 15% of all pregnancies may be affected by GDM. We hypothesized that in a rural birth cohort, higher maternal BMI and adverse socioeconomic conditions would promote GDM, which in turn would lead to adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Methods The current study is a part of a population-based cohort study examining the health and socioeconomic information from 5801 mothers and their children. The study, titled the Survey of Neonates in Pomerania (SNiP), was based in northeastern Pomerania, Germany (2002–2008). Results The cumulative incidence of GDM was 5.1%. Multiple logistic regression revealed prepregnancy overweight (OR 1.84 (95% CI 1.27–2.68)), prepregnancy obesity (OR 3.67 (2.48–5.44)) and maternal age (OR 1.06 (1.03–1.08)) as risk factors for GDM ( p  = 0.001). Alcohol use during pregnancy (OR 0.61 (0.41–0.90), a higher monthly income (OR 0.62 (0.46–0.83)), and the highest level of education (OR 0.44 (0.46–0.83)) decreased the risk of GDM. Newborns of GDM mothers had an increased risk of hypoglycaemia (OR 11.71 (7.49–18.30)) or macrosomia (OR 2.43 (1.41–4.18)) and were more often delivered by primary (OR 1.76 (1.21–2.60)) or secondary C-section (OR 2.00 (1.35–2.97)). Moreover, they were born 0.78 weeks (95% CI -1.09 – -0.48 weeks) earlier than infants of mothers without diabetes, resulting in higher percentage of late preterm infants with a gestational age of 32–36 weeks (11.1% vs. 6.96%). Conclusions Age and BMI before pregnancy were the predominant mediators of the increased risk of GDM, whereas a higher income and educational level were protective. GDM affected relevant perinatal and neonatal outcomes based on its association with an increased risk of delivery by C-section, preterm birth, macrosomia at birth and neonatal hypoglycaemia.

This book reveals the impact of copyright law on transatlantic modernism in the United States. Key aspects of modernism-James Joyce's reputation in America, Ezra Pound's proposals for copyright reform, Samuel Roth's activities as a pirate-pornographer-are reexamined in the light of the U.S. law and the voracious public domain it created.

Judge John Munro Woolsey's opinion lifting the US customs ban on James Joyce's Ulysses quickly entered mainstream culture through newspapers, radio broadcasts, and mimeographed copies. Then, just weeks after he had issued it and months before it would appear in the official law books, the opinion was printed in the new Random House edition of Ulysses. The opinion was in fact multiple opinions appearing in multiple institutional settings. Its early history in print and media culture, in the weeks and months after its issuance in December 1933, repays close study, as does its early reader response both in press accounts and in unpublished letters that Woolsey received. That several diverse institutions of modernity simultaneously embraced the opinion should make us hesitate before classifying it as solely a document of law, literature, or popular or elite culture.

The increasing scope and duration of copyright protection have had a noticeable impact on archive- based scholarship. More than a few literary estates have hampered scholars' efforts to quote from important documents freely accessible to the public in libraries but not fully usable in published scholarship due to copyright restraints. This paper tells the story of one scholar who fought back by suing the Estate of James Joyce for a judicial declaration that what she planned to do with archival materials was fair use and what the Joyce Estate had been doing to interfere with scholarship was copyright misuse.