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Electromyograms (EMG) are a recorded galvanic action of nerves and muscles which assists in diagnosing the disorders associated with muscles and nerves. The efficient discrimination of abnormal EMG signals, myopathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, engage crucial role in automatic diagnostic assistance tools, since EMG signals are nonstationary signals. Hence, for computer-aided identification of abnormalities, extraction of features, selection of superlative feature subset, and developing an efficient classifier are indispensable. Initially, time domain and Wigner-Ville transformed time-frequency features were extracted from abnormal EMG signals for experiments. The selection of substantial characteristics from time and time-frequency features was performed using bat algorithm. Extensively, deep neural network classifier is modelled for selected feature subset using bat algorithm from extracted time and time-frequency features. The performance of deep neural network exerting selected features from bat algorithm was compared with conventional artificial neural network. Results demonstrate that the deep neural network modelled with layers 2 and 3 (neurons=2 and 4) using time domain features is efficient in classifying the abnormalities of EMG signals with an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 100% and also exhibited finer performance. Correspondingly, the developed conventional single layer artificial neural network (neurons=7) with time domain features has shown an accuracy of 83.3%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 71.42%. The work materializes the significance of conventional and deep neural network using time and time-frequency features in diagnosing the abnormal signals exists in neuromuscular system using efficient classification.

Estuaries are known to be strong source for atmospheric CO2, however, little information is available from Indian estuaries. In order to quantify CO2 emissions from the Indian estuaries, samples were collected at 27 estuaries all along the Indian coast during discharge (wet) period. The emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere from Indian estuaries were 4–5 times higher during wet than dry period. The pCO2 ranged between ∼300 and 18492 μatm which are within the range of world estuaries. The mean pCO2 and particulate organic carbon (POC) showed positive relation with rate of discharge suggesting availability of high quantities of organic matter that led to enhanced microbial decomposition. The annual CO2 fluxes from the Indian estuaries, together with dry period data available in the literature, amounts to 1.92 TgC which is >10 times less than that from the European estuaries. The low CO2 fluxes from the Indian estuaries are attributed to low flushing rates and less human settlements along the banks of the Indian estuaries. Key Points Indian estuaries emits ~2TgC annually to atmosphere An order of magnitude high fluxes during discharge period Intensive microbial decomposition of organic matter is the major source

Time-series observations were conducted off Visakhapatnam, central west coast of Bay of Bengal, from October 2007 to April 2009 to examine the influence of physical and atmospheric processes on water column nutrients biogeochemistry. The thermal structure displayed inversions of 0.5 to 1.0° C during winter and were weaker in summer. The water column was vertically stratified during the entire study period and was stronger during October–November 2007 and August–December 2008 compared to other study periods. High concentrations of chlorophyll-a and nutrients were associated with the extreme atmospheric events. The strong relationship of nutrients with salinity indicates that physical processes, such as circulation, mixing and river discharge, have a significant control on phytoplankton blooms in the coastal Bay of Bengal. Phosphate seems to be a controlling nutrient during winter whereas availability of light and suspended matter limits production in summer. Formation of low oxygen conditions were observed in the bottom waters due to enhanced primary production by extreme atmospheric events; however, re-oxygenation of bottom waters through sinking of oxygen-rich surface waters by a warm core (anticyclonic) eddy led to its near recovery. This study reveals that atmospheric and physical processes have significant impacts on the water column biogeochemistry in the coastal Bay of Bengal.

IoT refers to connecting multiple objects (cars, home appliances etc.) to internet and they are capable of sending and receiving electronic information through sensors and APIs. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an application of IoT, which involves connecting vehicles to internet to provide intelligent transportation, smart and safe driving in private/public vehicle. In this paper we are projecting the applications of IoV, different architecture models, communication interaction models and challenges in IoV. This paper would be helpful for researchers to further explore the potentials of IoV.

The SAfety Decay Heat Analysis in NAtrium (SADHANA) sodium loop is designed with two PLC controllers. All safety control interlocks are monitored by a Safety programmable logic controller (SPLC), and temperature control, including averaging ON/OFF heaters, is managed by an Operational PLC (OPLC).The decay heat exchange system of the SADHANA sodium loop is evaluated using these combined safety and operational PLCs. In the case of reactor loss of offsite and onsite power, decay heat generated in the reactor core after shutdown is removed by four Safety Grade Decay Heat Removal (SGDHR) systems [1,2,3,4,5]. Each exchanger (AHX) is located outside the reactor containment building, and a sodium loop circulation is created by natural convection [6,7,8,9,10]. The purpose of construction of SADHANA loop, with simulated models of DHX and AHX to study the performance of the SGDHR system, has been planned [11,12,13,14,15]. The SADHANA sodium loop has been commissioned, operating at isothermal temperatures of 300°C and hot temperatures of 500°C/& 550°C. The smart instrumentation and control system comprising Loop Operational Data Acquisition and Control System (LODACS) and Experimental Data Acquisition System (EDAS) are used in the SADHANA sodium loop. During the tests, LODACS personal computer and Instrumentation panel monitor loop parameters such as sodium level, leak, and pressure. In SADHANA loop DHX and AHX temperature decay heat changes monitoring by EDAS. The temperature of the pool in Test vessel 4 (TV-4) is controlled by immersion type sodium heaters via PID controllers. Currently, the loop consists of 64 surface heaters, 30 immersion type sodium heaters, and 205 thermocouples (84 Nos. of operational thermocouples and 121 Nos. of experimental thermocouples). According to the experimental thermocouples are being monitored by a separate fast data acquisition (scan rate of 10 seconds) by in-house developed software. This technical paper also describes the implementation of PLCs in different data acquisition control systems.

Rip currents are known as one of the most dangerous hazards on sandy beaches worldwide. Indian beaches are least explored to study the variability of rip currents in space and time. The present study is the first attempt made to understand its dynamics by utilizing indigenously developed GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) drifters and Rhodamine-B dye experiments. The Rama Krishna (RK) and Rushikonda Beaches of Visakhapatnam are chosen for this study, due to a recorded number of rip current-related drowning cases observed during the past decade. Few experiments were conducted during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2018. Drifters work on the Lagrangian principle, where they measure the current velocities along their paths driven by the surface currents. Error analysis of drifter measurements showed that they are capable of resolving surf zone motions very accurately. Strong rip currents were observed in few locations in the study area, where at times current velocities reached ~1 ms −1 . Also, Rhodamine-B dye was released into the rip current prone zones along with the drifters and observed that the dye patches also followed the drifters. From these experiments, it has been observed that the rip currents are relatively strong during the post-monsoon season, which could be due to the change in the beach morphology. Similar experiments with more number of drifters would help in understanding rip current dynamics and would help in reducing rip current drowning in the beaches. Research highlights GNSS based drifters have been designed, developed and field-tested to measure rip currents in the surf zone. Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) resulted in position estimates with centimeter level accuracy. The drifters are capable to resolve the surf zone motions more accurately in the order of greater than 0.02 ms −1 . Several drifter deployments and Rhodamine-B dye experiments were carried out at RK and Rushikonda Beaches to measure the dangerous rip currents and coastal currents.

Rip currents are one of the most well-known coastal hazards on the world's beaches. Identification and continuous monitoring of these currents are essential for the safety of beachgoers and prevent the number of drowning cases. Studies on the diversity of rip currents in space and time off the Indian coast are minimal. However, these have long been the subject of research worldwide. Based on the earlier rip current-related works in Visakhapatnam beaches, RK Beach is known for highest recorded number of drowning deaths. Albeit, much attention is not given to monitor and safeguard beachgoers from these furious currents. In this work, a preliminary experimental study has been initiated with an objective of continuous monitoring and identification of significant rip channels along Visakhapatnam beaches from video imagery data by adopting and implementing an open-source, Quantitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox (QCIT). Ten minutes of video data were collected from temporarily installed camera for different months. Later, QCIT was used to pre-process the video data, camera calibration, domain definition followed by rectification products. Rectification products contain single image products and pixel instruments. Single-image products such as Timex, and bright and dark images are obtained by calculating the average, maximum, and minimum intensity on the rectified frames, respectively. The phenomenon of persistent gaps in wave-breaking events that appear as dark spots on bright background from Timex images shows quasi-permanent rip channels. The locations of the rip channels extracted from the Timex images were accurately well matched to the hotspot maps of the rip currents obtained from the high-resolution satellite images, drifter and die experiments at the study site. However, once the video camera is permanently set up, further statistical analysis with continuous data availability is also possible. Further implementation of this study would be helpful in the continuous monitoring of coastal rip currents, other coastal parameters (i.e., alongshore currents, shoreline mapping, wave run-up, and up-to-date nearshore estimated bathymetry), and implementation of numerical modeling of coastal processes by supplying better inputs. With these essential results, ESSO-INCOIS and SAC-ISRO have embarked on a project with the primary objective of continuous monitoring and issuing operational forecasting alerts of rip currents by developing a coastal video surveillance system that also provides information on complex coastal and nearshore processes.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to minimize environmental problems related to raw poultry manure application by stabilizing its nutrient and organic matter (OM) content. This can be achieved by prior digestion before its application to agricultural soils. Design/methodology/approach - In the present study, changes in physicochemical and microbial properties of poultry litter were studied in order to evaluate the suitability of using the digested (stabilized) product for soil amendment. The poultry litter was digested in autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestor (ATAD) where organic solids were degraded and the heat released during the microbial degradation was used to maintain the thermophilic temperatures ( < 50 super(o)C) at a hydraulic retention time of about 3d. Findings - Results of this study showed that the poultry litter undergoes physicochemical and microbial changes similar to other digestion systems; these changes include self-heating, relative increase in Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, P, K and NO 3 -N and decrease in microbial population numbers, C, OM and NH 4 -N contents. Originality/value - ATAD is an effective method for the conversion of poultry litter into organic fertilizer, which can be readily applied to the agriculture land. ATAD is an eco-friendly, cost effective method which also reduces the length of stabilization.

Digital image watermarking is a technology that it is used to hide the information in an image for copy right protection. The main issues in watermarking are robustness and fidelity. In this paper, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is applied and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is also used. Genetic algorithm is implemented for embedding the watermark to achieve robustness and fidelity. It is an optimization technique used to find the positions for embedding the watermark. Attacks are also applied on the watermarked image. Measurements like PSNR and NC are also calculated for watermarked and extracted watermark image.