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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of zinc in the diet in the form of nano zinc oxide (nano ZnO) on the performance of broilers. A total of 240 day-old commercial broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design into 6 treatments with 8 replicates of 5 chicks each. Treatments comprised of T1- basal diet (BD) without ZnO supplementation, T2- 2.5 ppm ZnO, T3- 5 ppm ZnO, T4- 10 ppm ZnO, T5- 20 ppm ZnO, and T6- 40 ppm inorganic ZnO. The results revealed that supplementation of nano ZnO at 2.5 ppm recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain, feed intake, and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to control and other treatment groups at 42 days of age. All dietary treatments failed to exert any significant (P > 0.05) effect on various carcass parameters (dressing percentage, abdominal fat, giblet yields), serum protein and cholesterol concentrations, and meat quality parameters (water holding capacity and pH) of broiler chicken at 42 days of age. Finally, it could be concluded that supplementation of nano ZnO at 2.5 ppm improved the performance of broilers.

Gut health plays an important role on production and performance of broilers. This trial was undertaken with an aim to evaluate the synergistic effect of probiotic, chicory root powder and coriander seed powder on the performance and gut health of broiler chicken. For this purpose, a total of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with 8 replicates of 5 birds in each. Treatment groups included T 1 as control i.e., basal diet (BD) without any growth promoter and T 2 —BD + antibiotic (BMD 0.05%). In the remaining experimental diets, T 3 —probiotic (@ 0.01%) + chicory root powder (@ 1.0%), T 4 —probiotic (@ 0.01%) + coriander seed powder (@ 1.5%), T 5 —chicory root powder (@ 1.0%) + coriander seed powder (@ 1.5%) and T 6 —probiotic (@ 0.01%) + chicory root powder (@ 1.0%) + coriander seed powder (@ 1.5%). The results indicated that supplementation of probiotic + chicory (T 3 ), probiotic + coriander (T 4 ), chicory + coriander (T 5 ) and probiotic + chicory + coriander (T 6 ) in combination resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain and better FCR compared to control and antibiotic groups at 42 d of age. Supplementation of different dietary groups did not show any significant (P>0.05) effect on feed intake of broilers. Supplementation of all the test diets (T 3 to T 6 ) significantly (P<0.05) increased the glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GSHRx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity when compared to control and antibiotic groups at 42 d of age. Supplementation of all the test diets (T 3 to T 6 ) significantly (P<0.05) lowered the pH in the gut, increased Lactobacillus counts, and reduced E . coli and Salmonella counts in the ileum compared to control and antibiotic groups. Supplementation of all the test diets (T 3 to T 6 ) significantly (P<0.05) increased the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH:CD ratio and villus width (VW) in the duodenum and only VH and CD in the ileum compared to control and antibiotic groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher jejunal VH and VW and increased the goblet cell number in duodenum, jejunum and ileum was recorded in all test diets (T 3 to T 6 ) compared to control and antibiotic groups. Therefore, combinations of probiotic (0.01%), chicory root powder (1.0%) and coriander seed powder (1.5%) can be used as feed additive for improving performance and gut health of broiler chicken.

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of chicory root powder on the gut performance of broilers. For this purpose, two hundred commercial male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups with 8 replications of 5 birds each and reared in battery brooders up to 42 days of age. The experimental design consisted of; T1 basal diet (BD) without antibiotic, T2: BD + antibiotic (BMD at 500 gm/ton), T3: BD + chicory root powder (0.5%), T4: BD + chicory root powder (1.0%), T5: BD + chicory root powder (1.5%). The results revealed that supplementation of 1.0% chicory root powder recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight gain, feed intake and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to antibiotic, control and 0.5 & 1.5% chicory powder at 42 days of age. Supplementation of various levels of chicory root powder significantly (P<0.05) lowered (P<0.05) the pH in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum compared to control. Supplementation of chicory root powder (0.5, 1.0 & 1.5%) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the E . coli and Salmonella counts and (P<0.05) increased the Lactobacilli counts in ileum when compared to control and antibiotic groups. Supplementation of chicory (1.0% and 1.5%) groups significantly (P<0.05) increased the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH:CD ratio and villus width (VW) in the duodenum, ileum and jejunum at 42 d of age. Supplementation of chicory 1.0% and 1.5% groups significantly (P<0.05) increased the goblet cell number in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of broilers. Therefore, chicory root powder (1.0 and 1.5%) can be used as an alternative to antibiotic for improving gut performance of broiler chicken.

The effect of supplementation of multiple enzymes at 0, 1X, and 2X concentration to the diet containing variable protein sources (replacement of soybean meal with 10% guar meal (GM), 10% rapeseed meal (RSM), and 10% cottonseed meal (CSM)) was studied in a factorial manner on performance, carcass yield, protein, and energy utilization in commercial broiler males. For this purpose, 600-day-old commercial male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 12 treatment groups with 10 replications of 5 birds each and reared in battery brooders up to 42 days of age. Treatment groups are as follows: T1 control and T2 and T3 corn-soya diet with enzymes at 1X and 2X concentrations, respectively. From T4 to T12 treatments, corn-soya meal was replaced by 10% GM, RSM, and CSM without, with 1X and 2X concentration of enzyme supplementation, respectively. The cumulative body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in control and birds fed with GM diet in pre-starter and starter as well as during overall period. Supplementation of multiple enzymes at 1X and 2X did not influence body weight, feed intake, and FCR (P > 0.05) during 0–42 days of age. During experimental period, birds fed with the control diet and 10% GM diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher cumulative feed intake and better FCR compared to birds fed with 10% RSM diet and 10% cottonseed meal (CSM). Supplementation of multiple enzymes did not influence the mortality and slaughter variables and protein utilization in broilers.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the comparative efficacy of recommended dose of selected anticoccidial drugs Salinomycin, Dinitolmide, while Cocciban at three dose levels on the performance of broilers. For this purpose, 420-day-old commercial male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups with 10 replications of 6 birds each and reared in battery brooders up to 42 days of age. Groups were designated as uninfected unmedicated (T1), infected unmedicated (T2), Cocciban 500 g/ton and infected (T3), Cocciban 750 g/ton and infected (T4), Cocciban 1000 g/ton and infected (T5), Salinomycin 500 g/ton and infected (T6), and Dinitolmide and infected (T7). Groups T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7 were experimentally infected at 21 days old by 50,000 oocysts of Eimeria species. The broilers were fed with starter (0–21 days) and finisher diets (22–42 days). The herbal product Cocciban 1000 g/ton alone had significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain and feed efficiency than all other infected groups during the overall experimental period (0–42 days), but significantly lower than healthy control. All the groups did not show significant (P > 0.05) effect on mean feed intake, percent carcass yields and percent weights of liver, heart and gizzard. Similarly there was no significant (P < 0.05) influence of treatment groups on the organoleptic characteristics of meat. Treatment groups did not have any significant (P < 0.05) influence on humeral immune response to ND vaccine and cell-mediated immune response to PHA-P. Among all the infected groups, Cocciban 1000 g/ton group (78.33%) recorded more mean percent livability than all other infected groups.

The convergence of the iterative procedure's approximate solution is investigated. By applying the variational iteration method (VIM) to the general solution form of iterative approximate solutions, a novel variational iteration scheme is created with a faster convergence rate to an approximate solution after a limited number of iterations. The updated strategy accelerated the process of obtaining the exact solution by employing the Lagrange multiplier to build an extra correction function.

For the purpose of resolving dual series problems involving Laguerre polynomials, this essay makes use of the Noble and Lowndes multiplying factor approach.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the comparative efficacy of recommended dose of selected anticoccidial drugs Salinomycin and Dinitolmide, while Cocciban at three dose levels on the hematobiochemical, fecal parameters and histopathology of broilers. For this purpose, 420-day-old commercial male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups with 10 replications of 6 birds each and reared in battery brooders up to 42 days of age. Groups were designated as uninfected unmedicated (T1), infected unmedicated (T2), Cocciban 500 g/ton and infected (T3), Cocciban 750 g/ton and infected (T4), Cocciban 1000 g/ton and infected (T5), Salinomycin 500 g/ton and infected (T6), and Dinitolmide and infected (T7). Groups T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7 were experimentally infected at 21-day-old by 50,000 oocysts of Eimeria species. The mean fecal, lesion scores and oocyst per gram of feces were significantly (p < 0.05) highest in infected unmedicated group, while lowest in the herbal Cocciban 1000 g/ton group than all other infected medicated groups. The hematological studies revealed a reduction in TEC, Hb, and PCV from 0 to 5th day of P.I. in all infected groups except healthy control group. The birds of all the infected groups improved in the values of TEC, Hb, PCV, blood glucose, and total serum protein on 7th day of P.I., but, the improvement was significantly (p < 0.05) better in herbal Cocciban 1000 g/ton treated birds than all other infected groups. Whereas, the TWBC counts were raised from 0 to 7th day of P.I. in all the infected groups compared to healthy control and no significant (p < 0.05) difference was observed in between the infected groups. The histopathological changes consisting of desquamation of epithelial cells, cellular infiltration, hemorrhages, edema, fibrous tissue proliferation, and developing stages of E. tenella at various depths of cecal wall were higher in all the infected groups when compared to Cocciban 1000 g/ton group.

Gut health plays an important role on production and performance of broilers. This trial was undertaken with an aim to evaluate the synergistic effect of probiotic, chicory root powder and coriander seed powder on the performance and gut health of broiler chicken. For this purpose, a total of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with 8 replicates of 5 birds in each. Treatment groups included T1 as control i.e., basal diet (BD) without any growth promoter and T2-BD + antibiotic (BMD 0.05%). In the remaining experimental diets, T3-probiotic (@ 0.01%) + chicory root powder (@ 1.0%), T4-probiotic (@ 0.01%) + coriander seed powder (@ 1.5%), T5-chicory root powder (@ 1.0%) + coriander seed powder (@ 1.5%) and T6-probiotic (@ 0.01%) + chicory root powder (@ 1.0%) + coriander seed powder (@ 1.5%). The results indicated that supplementation of probiotic + chicory (T3), probiotic + coriander (T4), chicory + coriander (T5) and probiotic + chicory + coriander (T6) in combination resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain and better FCR compared to control and antibiotic groups at 42 d of age. Supplementation of different dietary groups did not show any significant (P>0.05) effect on feed intake of broilers. Supplementation of all the test diets (T3 to T6) significantly (P<0.05) increased the glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GSHRx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity when compared to control and antibiotic groups at 42 d of age. Supplementation of all the test diets (T3 to T6) significantly (P<0.05) lowered the pH in the gut, increased Lactobacillus counts, and reduced E. coli and Salmonella counts in the ileum compared to control and antibiotic groups. Supplementation of all the test diets (T3 to T6) significantly (P<0.05) increased the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH:CD ratio and villus width (VW) in the duodenum and only VH and CD in the ileum compared to control and antibiotic groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher jejunal VH and VW and increased the goblet cell number in duodenum, jejunum and ileum was recorded in all test diets (T3 to T6) compared to control and antibiotic groups. Therefore, combinations of probiotic (0.01%), chicory root powder (1.0%) and coriander seed powder (1.5%) can be used as feed additive for improving performance and gut health of broiler chicken.

For grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are prone to initialization issues, which could cause them to converge at local maxima rather than the global maximum power point (MPP). This means that, a regular retraining on big datasets is required. This paper presents a novel hybrid MPPT algorithm that combines Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Vascular Invasive Growth Optimization (VIGO) to address this challenge. The exploration-exploitation conundrum that traditional optimization algorithms have is addressed by VIGO, and the convergence speed and accuracy of MPPT are improved by XGBoost. To assess its performance, the suggested approach is compared with well-known methods such as Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This comparison study shows that the hybrid VIGO-XGBoost method produces improved maximum power.