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The problem of global warming, along with environmental concerns, has already led governments to replace fossil-fuel vehicles with low-emission electric vehicles (EVs). The energy crisis and environmental problems, such as global warming and air pollution, are essential reasons for the development of electric vehicles (EVs). Electric vehicles are one of the most fascinating and essential fields to emerge in recent years. According to the current report, electric vehicles are attempting to replace older, traditional automobiles. These vehicles not only help to reduce pollution but also to save natural resources. The presence of electric vehicles may cause several problems for the conventional electrical grid due to their grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging and discharging capabilities. With increased EV adoption, many power quality (PQ) issues in the electrical distribution system arise. With the penetration of EVs in distribution networks, power quality issues such as voltage imbalance, transformer failure, and harmonic distortion are expected to arise. The focus of this research is on exploring and reviewing the issues that the integration of EVs poses for electrical networks. The existing and future situations of electric vehicles’ integration, as well as new research on the subjects, have been reviewed in this paper. This study provides a thorough examination of power quality issues and their mitigating approaches.

Now that the population is growing, the expenditure on basic needs of life is also increasing due to a lack of or less availability of resources. The economy consumed electricity is reaching peaks as its main fuel, coal, is decreasing day by day. Due to this, 90% of the population who are in the middle class, lower middle class, or rural areas are economically poor and are unable to bear the prices. To overcome the financial problems, many researchers have prepared various types of microgrids that generate electricity from various types of flow resources, like hydro, solar, biogas, and air current power stations, whose system is called a compound flow power system. This paper gives a combined review of various research papers that discuss some case studies and some research on various models designed on software like HOMER Pro, how microgrids become economic barriers, optimal power supply solutions with CFPS, distributed and centralized microgrid components, the technical and economic feasibility of EV charging stations, and the analysis of various combinations of power systems at various locations like Bangladesh, Canada, the Republic of Djibouti, China, Indonesia, Sierra Leone, some rural sites in India, and some developing countries. This overview provides a glimpse into the various aspects of CFPS, including fusion approaches, techno-economic analysis, simulation platforms, storage technologies, design specifications, unit sizing methodologies, and control techniques. Further research and analysis in these areas are needed to explore their applications and advancements in CFPS development. The main reason for the study is to analyze and bring various ideas and models of various researchers together on a common platform and make a combined conceptual framework for further proceedings.

Groundwater poisoning by heavy metals has caused serious health hazards in the exposed population globally. Manganese (Mn) poisoning causing human health hazards is very meagerly reported worldwide. The present research elucidates for the first time the catastrophic effect of manganese causing cancer in the Gangetic plains of Bihar (India). The blood samples of n  = 1146 cancer patients were voluntarily obtained for the study, after their consent. Their household water samples were also collected for the study. All the samples were analysed for Mn contamination by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The study indicates high Mn contamination in the cancer patient blood samples with highest content as 6022 µg/L. Moreover, the cancer patient’s household handpump water samples also contained elevated Mn contamination. The correlation coefficient study finds significant association between Mn contamination in blood of cancer patients and their handpump water. The carcinoma group of cancer patients mostly in Stage III & IV had significant Mn contamination in their blood (above WHO/BIS permissible limit). The geospatial study depicts Mn contamination in handpump water in the state of Bihar in correlation with cancer patient’s blood samples. This novel finding is being reported in India for the first time, which correlates cancer with handpump drinking water. The long-term Mn exposure could be one of the causative agents for elevating cancer incidences. However, other confounding risk factors cannot be denied.

As the traffic conditions at unsignalized intersections are complex and chaotic, the perceived satisfaction levels of bicyclists are controlled by several factors. Although complex, the Bicycle Level of Service (BLOS) studies at this facility are highly important so as to improve its performance from the perspective of bicycling. This study is an initial attempt to identify and model the factors influencing BLOS at unsignalized intersections under mixed traffic conditions. For analysis purposes, extensive data sets on the geometric details and operational characteristics are collected from 70 unsignalized intersection approaches located in various parts of five Indian cities. Subsequently, eight variables (effective approach width, peak hour volume, conflicting traffic volume, and average bicycle delay, etc.) having significant influences on the perceived satisfaction levels of through bicyclists are identified. Of all these variables, the average bicycle delay is observed to have the highest influence on user-perceived BLOS. This suggests that the minimization of bicycle delay is the utmost important strategy to enhance perceived satisfaction levels of bicyclists. Further, a step-wise regression-based BLOS model has been developed for the service quality assessment at unsignalized intersection approaches. This model has shown a very good prediction ability in the present context with a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.83 with averaged observations. A service scale is also defined to convert the outcomes of this model to letter-graded service classes A–F (excellent–worst). The field application of these tools has shown that above 89% of the investigated sites are offering BLOS ‘C’ or inferior. This is a serious concern for the inhabitants in the long run. Hence, the modeled attributes should be prioritized (in their identified order of importance) in the transportation planning process to avail the better service classes effectively.

Arsenic poisoning through groundwater is the world’s greatest normal groundwater catastrophe which got an immense effect on worldwide general wellbeing. India is confronting the outcomes of arsenic poisoning in the zone of Ganga Brahmaputra alluvial plains. In Bihar, out of 38 districts, 18 districts are exceptionally influenced with groundwater arsenic defilement. In the present study, we have assessed the current situation of arsenic exposure in Sabalpur village of Saran district of Bihar after reporting of breast, renal, skin and thyroid cancer cases from this village along with typical symptoms of arsenicosis. Such cancer patients were identified at our institute and were taken for the study. The present investigation deals with the quantification of arsenic in groundwater, hair and nail samples of subjects as well as the survey of entire village to know the overall health status of the village people. A total of n=128 household handpump water samples as well as n=128 human hair and nail samples were collected from over n=520 households. Using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GF-AAS), all the samples were analysed. The investigation resulted that the 61% of the analysed samples particularly the groundwater had the arsenic levels more than the permissible limit of WHO (> 10 μg/L) with 244.20 μg/L as the highest arsenic contamination in one of the handpump water sample. The exposure effect of hair sample was worst as 88% of all the collected samples were having high arsenic levels more than the permissible limit (> 0.2 mg/Kg). In case of nail samples, 92% of the samples were having high arsenic concentration more than the permissible limit (> 0.5 mg/Kg). The health survey study revealed high magnitude of disease burden in the exposed population with symptoms such as asthma, anaemia, hepatomegaly, diabetes, cardiac problem, skin fungal infections, breathlessness and mental disability. Few cancer cases of renal, skin, breast and cervix were also found among the exposed population of this village. The percentage of cancer cases in this village was 0.94% that was low, but it would be an aggravated situation in the near future if people will continue drinking arsenic-contaminated water. Therefore, a mitigation intervention was carried out in March 2020 by installing an arsenic filter plant. The health situation in the village in the present scenario is hope to improve in the coming years. However, motivation and awareness among the village population are still required.

Fibrolipoma, a subtype of lipoma, is a painless, well-circumscribed, slow-growing, submucosal benign adipocyte tumour. It is uncommon in the oral cavity and oropharyngeal region. It accounts for 1.6% of all facial lipomas. Fibrolipomas mostly affect the buccal mucosa and buccal vestibule and cause functional and cosmetic disabilities. The diagnosis and differentiation of fibrolipoma with clinically similar lesions such as fibroma and pleomorphic adenoma are very essential for a correct treatment plan and complete follow-up. Here, we present fibrolipoma, a very rare subtype of lipoma involving the buccal mucosa of the left premolar region in a 44-year-old male patient.

Background Lesson plans are structured outlines that enhance clarity, focus and learning engagement in medical education. Sharing pre lecture lesson plans (PLPs) may improve preparedness, attention and satisfaction among students. This study aimed to assess undergraduate medical students’ perceptions of PLPs and validate a new scale to measure these perceptions. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 251 s year MBBS students using a 11-item questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to assess validity of questionnaire of pre-lecture plan. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s α. Criterion validity was examined using Spearman’s correlation between individual domains and total PLP-UMS scores. Results EFA yielded an 11-item, three factor structure (participation, attitude, satisfaction) explaining 71.9% of total variance. Reliability analysis demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.773,0.765,0.714) for all domains. Inter-factor correlations indicated strong associations between participation and attitude( r  = 0.789) and moderate associate with satisfaction( r  = 0.516 − 0.491). the majority of students agreed that PLP was beneficial and were satisfied that pre-lecture lesson plan enhanced their participation and learning during lectures. Conclusions PLP-UMS is valid and reliable tool to measure students’ perception of lesson plans. Pre-lecture lesson plans significantly improve students’ preparedness, confidence, engagement and satisfaction, supporting their better adoption in undergraduate medical curriculum.

In recent years, groundwater uranium [U 238 ] poisoning has posed serious health hazards in the exposed population. In India, an estimated 151 districts and 18 states are reported with groundwater uranium contamination, and about 1.7% of groundwater sources are affected in the state of Bihar (India). The objective of the study is to evaluate the uranium contamination in the breastmilk of lactating mothers and their breastfed infants. To evaluate the uranium exposure in the infants exposed through their mother’s breastmilk, n  = 40 lactating women were selected randomly from different districts of Bihar. After obtaining the written informed consent, their breast milk was collected and analysed for quantification of U 238 . The infants and their mother’s carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were also studied to know the potential health hazard effects of uranium. The uranium exposure to the infants through their mother’s breastmilk is at a hazardous level. All the analysed breastmilk samples had U 238 contents, which could pose health impacts to infants. The infants are highly vulnerable to potential non-carcinogenic risk in comparison to their mothers due to the real-time uranium elimination from their bodies. The study reveals that the uranium content in the breast milk was significantly high. The 70% of the infant population had the potential to cause non-carcinogenic health effects. From the studied districts, Katihar breastmilk samples had the highest U 238 content. The exposure of uranium to the infant’s body through breast milk is significantly high, which may impact their health. Furthermore, there is also a need for biomonitoring of U 238 in these regions at a broader level.

Mercury is a persistent, bio-accumulative, and hazardous contaminant. When released into the environment, it accumulates in water sediments, converting it to poisonous methylmercury that enters the food chain. The present study was carried out in habitations from the 11 districts of Bihar (India). In the study, n  = 224 lactating women and their infants n  = 172 infants participated. After obtaining the written informed consent, their breast milk, urine, and blood were collected for mercury estimation. The breastmilk content was measured in n  = 181 subjects, in which 74% women had their breastmilk higher than the WHO permissible limit (< 1.7 μg/L), while 26% of the women had their breast milk below the permissible limit. The blood mercury content showed that 19% subjects had mercury content above the permissible limit [20 μg/L]. In urine mercury estimation, 49% women had mercury content above the permissible limit [10 μg/L], while, 51% women had the mercury content below the permissible limit. In the child’s urine, 54% infants had their mercury content in urine above the permissible limit [10 μg/L] while 46% infants had content below the permissible limit. The study indicates that 20% of infants had the complete accumulation of mercury in their body which is highly toxic for them. However, the mercury content in the food (wheat) had the contamination with in the permissible limit [100 μg/kg]. There was a significant correlation found between the breastmilk and child’s urine and mother’s urine. The HQ study also correlates the mercury poisoning effect with 100% of the mother’s and 66% of the infants exceeding the limit of non-carcinogenic risk. The Monte Carlo and multivariate study correlates the high health risk in the studied population due to mercury poisoning. The entire study concludes that population inhabitation in the Gangetic plains of Bihar are exposed to mercury poisoning which may be due to geogenic or anthropogenic sources. But, the levels of mercury contamination above the permissible limit could lead to neurogenerative changes in the lactating mothers and their infants. To control the present problem medical intervention is immediately required.

Groundwater arsenic poisoning has posed serious health hazards in the exposed population. The objective of the study is to evaluate the arsenic ingestion from breastmilk among pediatric population in Bihar. In the present study, the total women selected were n  = 513. Out of which n  = 378 women after consent provided their breastmilk for the study, n  = 58 subjects were non-lactating but had some type of disease in them and n  = 77 subjects denied for the breastmilk sample. Hence, they were selected for the women health study. In addition, urine samples from n  = 184 infants’ urine were collected for human arsenic exposure study. The study reveals that the arsenic content in the exposed women (in 55%) was significantly high in the breast milk against the WHO permissible limit 0.64 µg/L followed by their urine and blood samples as biological marker. Moreover, the child’s urine also had arsenic content greater than the permissible limit (< 50 µg/L) in 67% of the studied children from the arsenic exposed regions. Concerningly, the rate at which arsenic is eliminated from an infant’s body via urine in real time was only 50%. This arsenic exposure to young infants has caused potential risks and future health implications. Moreover, the arsenic content was also very high in the analyzed staple food samples such as rice, wheat and potato which is the major cause for arsenic contamination in breastmilk. The study advocates for prompt action to address the issue and implement stringent legislative measures in order to mitigate and eradicate this pressing problem that has implications for future generations.