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\"... traces the progression of think tanks from the rise of a broad conservative movement and the turn away from New Deal liberalism, their expanding role in advancing a neoconservative foreign policy through U.S. military power from the 1980s onward, and their current prominence as a counterweight to progressive political institutions and thought\"-- Provided by publisher.

Psychosis is now widely hypothesized to involve neural networks beyond the classical dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway, including serotonin and glutamate systems as well.Psychosis is now widely hypothesized to involve neural networks beyond the classical dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway, including serotonin and glutamate systems as well.

Drugs for psychosis and mood that bind dopamine D2 receptors can be classified not only by whether they also block serotonin 2A receptors, but by whether they also bind D3 or D1 receptors.Drugs for psychosis and mood that bind dopamine D2 receptors can be classified not only by whether they also block serotonin 2A receptors, but by whether they also bind D3 or D1 receptors.

In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the etiology, risk factors and pathophysiology of focal task specific dystonia (FTSD), movement disorders characterized by abnormal motor activation during the performance of specific, repetitive actions. We focus on two common FTSD, musician’s dystonia and writer’s cramp. FTSD may pose a threat to the patient’s livelihood, and improved therapeutic treatments are needed.

Pimavanserin, a novel agent approved for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease psychosis, has potent actions as an antagonist/inverse agonist at serotonin 5HT2A receptors and less potent antagonist/inverse agonist actions at 5HT2C receptors.

Based on a hybrid model of Europa's magnetospheric interaction, we provide context for the magnetic field perturbations observed by the Juno spacecraft during its only close flyby of the moon in September 2022. By systematically varying the incident flow conditions and the density profile of Europa's atmosphere, we demonstrate that the observed, large‐scale signatures of magnetic field draping are consistent with a dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the moon's neutral envelope. During the flyby, such an asymmetry would have enhanced the magnetic perturbations in Europa's anti‐Jovian hemisphere, explaining why the spacecraft already detected strong field line draping while still several moon radii away. Conversely, a reduced neutral density in the sub‐Jovian hemisphere can explain why the perturbations in the flow‐aligned field component remained nearly constant as Juno approached Europa. While a dawn‐dusk asymmetry in Europa's atmosphere has been predicted by theoretical work, our results provide the first in situ hints of its presence. Plain Language Summary Located within Jupiter's magnetosphere, the small Galilean moon Europa is continuously exposed to a flow of magnetized plasma, traveling at a relative velocity of about 100 km/s. The deflection of this plasma around Europa generates perturbations to Jupiter's magnetic field, as observed for the first time in two decades during the flyby of the Juno spacecraft in 2022. The magnitude and extension of these magnetic perturbations are largely determined by the shape of Europa's atmosphere and ionosphere which represent obstacles to the incident magnetospheric plasma. To provide three‐dimensional context for the structure of Europa's magnetic environment at the time of the Juno flyby, we have applied a computer simulation to study the moon's interaction with the plasma flow. Comparison between modeled and observed magnetic fields suggests that, at the time when Juno collected these data, Europa's atmosphere may have been denser in the anti‐Jovian than in the Jupiter‐facing hemisphere. Theoretical predictions suggest such an asymmetry to be present in Europa's neutral envelope, partially generated by centrifugal and Coriolis forces acting on the gas molecules during the moon's rotation around Jupiter. Our study reveals first hints from a spacecraft flyby that such a hemispheric asymmetry may indeed exist in Europa's atmosphere. Key Points By applying a hybrid model (kinetic ions, fluid electrons), we study Europa's interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere during the Juno flyby A dawn‐dusk asymmetry in Europa's atmosphere can reproduce the large‐scale structure of the draping signatures seen by the Juno magnetometer The spacecraft encountered the center of Europa's southern Alfven wing during ingress and the periphery of the northern wing during egress

Nod-like receptor, pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) is characterized primarily as a canonical caspase-1 activating inflammasome in macrophages. NLRP3 is also expressed in the epithelium of the kidney and gut; however, its function remains largely undefined. Primary mouse tubular epithelial cells (TEC) lacking Nlrp3 displayed reduced apoptosis downstream of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor and CD95. TECs were identified as type II apoptotic cells that activated caspase-8, tBid and mitochondrial apoptosis via caspase-9, responses that were reduced in Nlrp3−/− cells. The activation of caspase-8 during extrinsic apoptosis induced by TNF α /cycloheximide (TNF α /CHX) was dependent on adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and completely independent of caspase-1 or caspase-11. TECs and primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPTC) did not activate a canonical inflammasome, caspase-1, or IL-1 β secretion in response to TNF α /CHX or NLRP3-dependent triggers, such as ATP or nigericin. In cell fractionation studies and by confocal microscopy, NLRP3 colocalized with ASC and caspase-8 in speck-like complexes at the mitochondria during apoptosis. The formation of NLRP3/ASC/caspase-8 specks in response to TNF α /CHX was downstream of TNFR signaling and dependent on potassium efflux. Epithelial ASC specks were present in enteroids undergoing apoptosis and in the injured tubules of wild-type but not Nlrp3−/− or ASC−/− mice following ureteric unilateral obstruction in vivo . These data show that NLRP3 and ASC form a conserved non-canonical platform for caspase-8 activation, independent of the inflammasome that regulates apoptosis within epithelial cells.

Unravelling the mystery of dopamine neurotransmission, especially at its 3 most clinically relevant receptors, D3, D2, and D1, helps explain the pathophysiology of numerous psychiatric and neurologic symptoms in various CNS disorders that are theoretically caused by dysregulation of this neurotransmitter.