Explore the vast range of titles available.

Retroviral Gag polyproteins orchestrate the assembly and release of nascent virus particles from the plasma membranes of infected cells. Although it was traditionally thought that Gag proteins trafficked directly from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, we discovered that the oncogenic avian alpharetrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) Gag protein undergoes transient nucleocytoplasmic transport as an intrinsic step in virus assembly. Using a genetic approach in yeast, we identified three karyopherins that engage the two independent nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in Gag. The primary NLS is in the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag and binds directly to importin-α, which recruits importin-β to mediate nuclear entry. The second NLS, which resides in the matrix (MA) domain, is dependent on importin-11 and transportin-3 (TNPO3), known as MTR10p and Kap120p in yeast, although it is not clear whether these import factors are independent or additive. The functionality of importin α/β and importin-11 has been verified in avian cells, whereas the role of TNPO3 has not been studied. In this report, we demonstrate that TNPO3 mediates nuclear entry of Gag and directly binds to Gag. To our surprise, this interaction did not require the cargo-binding domain of TNPO3, which typically mediates nuclear entry for other binding partners of TNPO3 including SR-domain containing splicing factors and tRNAs that re-enter the nucleus. These results suggest that RSV hijacks the host nuclear import pathway using a unique mechanism, potentially allowing other cargo to bind TNPO3 simultaneously. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Retroviruses exploit nuclear trafficking machinery at several distinct stages in their replication cycles. In this review, we will focus primarily on nucleocytoplasmic trafficking events that occur after the completion of reverse transcription and proviral integration. First, we will discuss nuclear export of unspliced viral RNA transcripts, which serves two essential roles: as the mRNA template for the translation of viral structural proteins and as the genome for encapsidation into virions. These full-length viral RNAs must overcome the cell’s quality control measures to leave the nucleus by co-opting host factors or encoding viral proteins to mediate nuclear export of unspliced viral RNAs. Next, we will summarize the most recent findings on the mechanisms of Gag nuclear trafficking and discuss potential roles for nuclear localization of Gag proteins in retrovirus replication.

Objective. To survey prehospital providers to determine 1) the quantity andformat of training recalled over the past year in chemical, biological, radiological/nuclear (CBRN), andother mass casualty events (MCEs); 2) preferred educational formats; 3) self-assessed preparedness for various CBRN/MCEs; and4) perceived likelihood of occurrence for CBRN/MCEs. Methods. A survey, consisting of 11 questions, was distributed to 1,010 prehospital providers in a system where no formal CBRN/mass casualty training was given. Results. Surveys were completed by 640 (63%) prehospital providers. Twenty-two percent (22%) of prehospital providers recalled no training within the past year for CBRN or other MCEs, 19% reported 1-5 hours, 15% reported 6-10 hours, 24% reported 11-39 hours, and7% reported receiving greater than 40 hours. Lectures anddrills were the most common formats for prior education. On a five-point scale (1: \"Never Helpful\" through 5: \"Always Helpful\") regarding the helpfulness of training methods, median scores were the following: drills-5, lectures-4, self-study packets-3, Web-based learning-3, andother-4. On another five-point scale (1: \"Totally Unprepared\" through 5: \"Strongly Prepared\"), prehospital providers felt most prepared for MCEs-4, followed by chemical-4, biological-3, andradiation/nuclear-3. Over half (61%) felt MCEs were \"Somewhat Likely\" or \"Very Likely\" to occur, whereas chemical (42%), biological (38%), or radiation/nuclear (33%) rated lower. Conclusion. The amount of training in the past year reported for CBRN events varied greatly, with almost a quarter recalling no education. Drills andlectures were the most used andpreferred formats for disaster training. Prehospital providers felt least prepared for a radiological;/nuclear event. Future studies should focus on the consistency andquality of education provided.

Although EMS recruitment and retention issues have been frequently discussed, little scientific research has been conducted to determine why people are entering and leaving the EMS field. To date no research has been done to analyze the demographics of people enrolling in EMT classes and determine what their attitudes and expectations are for employment.