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"Stamm, J M"
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Age of first exposure to American football and long-term neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes
Previous research suggests that age of first exposure (AFE) to football before age 12 may have long-term clinical implications; however, this relationship has only been examined in small samples of former professional football players. We examined the association between AFE to football and behavior, mood and cognition in a large cohort of former amateur and professional football players. The sample included 214 former football players without other contact sport history. Participants completed the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT), and self-reported measures of executive function and behavioral regulation (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version Metacognition Index (MI), Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI)), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)) and apathy (Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES)). Outcomes were continuous and dichotomized as clinically impaired. AFE was dichotomized into <12 and ⩾12, and examined continuously. Multivariate mixed-effect regressions controlling for age, education and duration of play showed AFE to football before age 12 corresponded with >2 × increased odds for clinically impaired scores on all measures but BTACT: (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): BRI, 2.16,1.19–3.91; MI, 2.10,1.17–3.76; CES-D, 3.08,1.65–5.76; AES, 2.39,1.32–4.32). Younger AFE predicted increased odds for clinical impairment on the AES (OR, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.76–0.97) and CES-D (OR, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.74–0.97). There was no interaction between AFE and highest level of play. Younger AFE to football, before age 12 in particular, was associated with increased odds for impairment in self-reported neuropsychiatric and executive function in 214 former American football players. Longitudinal studies will inform youth football policy and safety decisions.
Journal Article
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease thought to be caused, at least in part, by repetitive brain trauma, including concussive and subconcussive injuries. It is thought to result in executive dysfunction, memory impairment, depression and suicidality, apathy, poor impulse control, and eventually dementia. Beyond repetitive brain trauma, the risk factors for CTE remain unknown. CTE is neuropathologically characterized by aggregation and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and TDP-43. Recent postmortem findings indicate that CTE may affect a broader population than was initially conceptualized, particularly contact sport athletes and those with a history of military combat. Given the large population that could potentially be affected, CTE may represent an important issue in public health. Although there has been greater public awareness brought to the condition in recent years, there are still many research questions that remain. Thus far, CTE can only be diagnosed post-mortem. Current research efforts are focused on the creation of clinical diagnostic criteria, finding objective biomarkers for CTE, and understanding the additional risk factors and underlying mechanism that causes the disease. This review examines research to date and suggests future directions worthy of exploration.
Journal Article
Association of lower extremity injuries and injury mechanism with previous concussion history in adolescent athletes
Determine the association between concussion and subsequent contact, non-contact, and overuse lower extremity (LE) injuries in a cohort of adolescent athletes. Secondarily, to identify this association between males and females.
Cross-sectional.
Summer athletic events with participants ages 12–18.
Anonymous survey included sport-related injuries (injury month/year) and participants classified injuries as a contact, non-contact, overuse injury, or concussion. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between a concussion event and a subsequent LE injury while controlling for age and any previous LE injury.
A concussion was reported in 219 athletes (Female = 96, 44%) and were matched with 219 non-concussed athletes (438 total participants). Concussion was not association with a specific injury mechanism but was significant for any subsequent LE injury (OR = 1.58 95%CI = [1.03–2.41]; p < 0.05). Concussed females were more likely to report any subsequent LE injury compared to non-concussed female athletes (2.49[1.31, 4.74]; p < 0.01). This relationship was not observed between concussed and non-concussed males (1.11[0.62–1.99]; p > 0.5).
A history of concussion was associated with any subsequent LE injury, but not associated with a specific mechanism of injury. The association with concussion and a subsequent LE injury was different between males and females.
•Concussion is associated with subsequent lower extremity injury.•Concussion was not associated with a specific lower extremity injury mechanism.•Concussion’s association with subsequent lower extremity injuries was significant in females.•Concussion’s association with subsequent lower extremity injuries was not significant in males.
Journal Article
Physicochemical Properties and Adhesion Performance of Canola Protein Modified with Sodium Bisulfite
The objective of this research was to study the adhesion properties of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3)-modified canola protein. Protein was extracted from canola meal through alkali solubilization and acid precipitation methods, then modified with different concentrations of NaHSO3 (0–15 g/L) during the isolation process. As NaHSO3 concentration increased, canola protein purities decreased. Amino acid profiles showed that the hydrophobic amino acids in canola protein constituted only 27% of total protein, indicating that canola protein is mostly hydrophilic. The reducing effects of NaHSO3 were exerted on canola protein through the breaking of disulfide bonds in both its cruciferin and napin components, as reflected by the protein electrophoresis profile, DSC data, and morphological images. The wet protein isolates were used as adhesives. The greatest wet shear strength of canola protein adhesive without modification was 3.97 MPa with 100% wood cohesive failure (WCF), observed at a curing temperature of 190 °C. NaHSO3 had slight weakening effects on the adhesion performance of canola protein. Canola protein modified with 3 g/L NaHSO3 exhibited wet shear strength similar to the control at 190 °C and higher strength at 150 and 170 °C. The NaHSO3 modification significantly improved handling and flowability of canola protein adhesives.
Journal Article
A Skeleton in the Closet: Single-Sex Schools for Pregnant Girls
One of the many challenges that a pregnant teenager faces is the completion of her education. Multiple hurdles stand in her way, and in response, some school districts have established separate schools for pregnant girls. These programs which apparently comply with the Constitution and the relevant federal statutes, Title IX and the EEOA, receive little public and legal scrutiny. This Note considers the legal status of these pregnancy schools in light of controversy over other forms of single-sex education, particularly, the Virginia Military Institute, the Citadel in South Carolina, and the Young Women's Leadership School in East Harlem, NY. Recognizing the constitutional distinction between pregnant and non-pregnant people, this Note focusses instead on the federal statutes and regulations and their guarantee to pregnant students of an education comparable to that offered nonpregnant students. This Note contends that the disparate treatment of pregnancy schools is likely a consequence of society's discomfort with pregnancy and female sexuality. As pregnancy is such a complex gender issue, pregnancy-related classifications require the same level of scrutiny that is applied to gender-based classifications. This Note proposes that because Title IX, as bolstered by the EEOA, promises identical treatment of pregnant and nonpregnant students, the statutes must be read to provide the same protection to smoke out invidious discrimination whether it is based on gender or pregnancy.
Journal Article
Structure analysis of adsorbed star-like polymers with GISAS and SFM
The lateral structures of dried adsorbed binary mixtures of star polymers were investigated. Blends of protonated and deuterated polybutadiene stars were prepared from cyclohexane solutions and adsorbed onto silicon substrates. The number of arms and the molecular weight of the arms was varied. With grazing incidence small angle scattering techniques (GISAS) and scanning force microscopy (SFM), different dominant in-plane length scales were determined. The morphology of these structures is dominated by blob-like structures created from single stars or agglomerates of star polymers.
Journal Article
Radiation exposure in multi-slice versus single-slice spiral CT: results of a nationwide survey
Multi-slice (MS) technology increases the efficacy of CT procedures and offers new promising applications. The expanding use of MSCT, however, may result in an increase in both frequency of procedures and levels of patient exposure. It was, therefore, the aim of this study to gain an overview of MSCT examinations conducted in Germany in 2001. All MSCT facilities were requested to provide information about 14 standard examinations with respect to scan parameters and frequency. Based on this data, dosimetric quantities were estimated using an experimentally validated formalism. Results are compared with those of a previous survey for single-slice (SS) spiral CT scanners. According to the data provided for 39 dual- and 73 quad-slice systems, the average annual number of patients examined at MSCT is markedly higher than that examined at SSCT scanners (5500 vs 3500). The average effective dose to patients was changed from 7.4 mSv at single-slice to 5.5 mSv and 8.1 mSv at dual- and quad-slice scanners, respectively. There is a considerable potential for dose reduction at quad-slice systems by an optimisation of scan protocols and better education of the personnel. To avoid an increase in the collective effective dose from CT procedures, a clear medical justification is required in each case.
Journal Article
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Unique Chlamydia trachomatis Isolates That Occupy Nonfusogenic Inclusions
Unique Chlamydia trachomatis strains characterized by multiple nonfusing inclusions were recently described. These strains lack evidence of the protein IncA in the inclusion membrane and have mutations in the incA gene. This study evaluated the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of patients infected with nonfusing mutant strains (case patients) and compared them with patients infected with wild-type fusing strains (control subjects). Both male and female case patients had fewer signs of infection than did control subjects (P=.016 and P=.019, respectively). Female case patients also had fewer symptoms of infection (P=.02). Median inclusion-forming unit (ifu) counts were lower in male and female case patients (P=.045 and P=.135, respectively). Thus, nonfusing strains of C. trachomatis more often produce subclinical infections than do normal fusing strains and have lower median ifu counts. From a prevention perspective, the data underscore the importance of screening programs to detect and treat inapparent C. trachomatis infection
Journal Article