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"Stanovich, Keith E., 1950-"
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What Intelligence Tests Miss
Critics of intelligence tests-writers such as Robert Sternberg, Howard Gardner, and Daniel Goleman-have argued in recent years that these tests neglect important qualities such as emotion, empathy, and interpersonal skills. However, such critiques imply that though intelligence tests may miss certain key noncognitive areas, they encompass most of what is important in the cognitive domain. In this book, Keith E. Stanovich challenges this widely held assumption.
Stanovich shows that IQ tests (or their proxies, such as the SAT) are radically incomplete as measures of cognitive functioning. They fail to assess traits that most people associate with \"good thinking,\" skills such as judgment and decision making. Such cognitive skills are crucial to real-world behavior, affecting the way we plan, evaluate critical evidence, judge risks and probabilities, and make effective decisions. IQ tests fail to assess these skills of rational thought, even though they are measurable cognitive processes. Rational thought is just as important as intelligence, Stanovich argues, and it should be valued as highly as the abilities currently measured on intelligence tests.
eBook
Rationality and the reflective mind
\"In this book, Keith Stanovich attempts to resolve the Great Rationality Debate in cognitive science-the debate about how much irrationality to ascribe to human cognition. Stanovich shows how the insights of dual-process theory and evolutionary psychology can be combined to explain why humans are sometimes irrational even though they possess cognitive machinery of remarkable adaptiveness. Using a unique individual differences approach, Stanovich shows that to fully characterize differences in rational thinking, the traditional System 2 of dual-process theory must be partitioned into the reflective mind and the algorithmic mind. He posits that we need to supersede dual-process theories with tripartite models of cognition. The key operations of the algorithmic mind and the reflective mind that support human rationality are discussed in the book. The key function of the algorithmic mind is to sustain the processing of decoupled secondary representations in cognitive simulation. The key function of the reflective mind, in contrast, is to detect the need to interrupt autonomous processing and to begin simulation activities. Stanovich uses the algorithmic/reflective distinction to develop a taxonomy of cognitive errors that are made on tasks in the heuristics and biases literature. He presents empirical data to show that the tendency to make these thinking errors is only modestly related to intelligence. Using the new tripartite model of mind, Stanovich shows how rationality is a more encompassing construct than intelligence-when both are properly defined-and that IQ tests fail to assess individual differences in rational thought. Stanovich discusses the types of thinking processes that would be measured in an assessment of rational thinking\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The robot's rebellion
The idea that we might be robots is no longer the stuff of science fiction; decades of research in evolutionary biology and cognitive science have led many esteemed scientists to the conclusion that, according to the precepts of universal Darwinism, humans are merely the hosts for two replicators (genes and memes) that have no interest in us except as conduits for replication. Richard Dawkins, for example, jolted us into realizing that we are just survival mechanisms for our own genes, sophisticated robots in service of huge colonies of replicators to whom concepts of rationality, intelligence, agency, and even the human soul are irrelevant. Accepting and now forcefully responding to this decentering and disturbing idea, Keith Stanovich here provides the tools for the \"robot's rebellion,\" a program of cognitive reform necessary to advance human interests over the limited interest of the replicators and define our own autonomous goals as individual human beings. He shows how concepts of rational thinking from cognitive science interact with the logic of evolution to create opportunities for humans to structure their behavior to serve their own ends. These evaluative activities of the brain, he argues, fulfill the need that we have to ascribe significance to human life. We may well be robots, but we are the only robots who have discovered that fact. Only by recognizing ourselves as such, argues Stanovich, can we begin to construct a concept of self based on what is truly singular about humans: that they gain control of their lives in a way unique among life forms on Earth—through rational self-determination.
eBook
ما تفتقده اختبارات الذكاء : علم نفس التفكير العقلاني
وقد جاءت \"كيث ستانوفيتش\" بمؤلفها الحالي الذي يعد من أكثر الكتب رواجا على مستوى العالم في السنوات الأخيرة لتضيف أفتقاد تلك الأختبارات ما هو أهم في المجال المعرفي إذ تؤكد على أن أختبارات الذكاء إنما هي مقاييس غير كاملة للوظيفة المعرفية لإهمالها قياس مهارات التفكير العقلاني التي تعد مساوية في أهميتها للقدرات التي تقيسها هذه الأختبارات. إن الشخص الذكي وفقا لأختبارات الذكاء التقليدية قد لا يتسم بمهارات التفكير الجيد كالحكم واتخاذ القرارات وفقا لوجهة نظر ستانوفيتش التي تستعرض مبرراتها.
Book
ما تفتقده اختبارات الذكاء : علم نفس التفكير العقلاني
وقد جاءت \"كيث ستانوفيتش\" بمؤلفها الحالي الذي يعد من أكثر الكتب رواجا على مستوى العالم في السنوات الأخيرة لتضيف أفتقاد تلك الأختبارات ما هو أهم في المجال المعرفي إذ تؤكد على أن أختبارات الذكاء إنما هي مقاييس غير كاملة للوظيفة المعرفية لإهمالها قياس مهارات التفكير العقلاني التي تعد مساوية في أهميتها للقدرات التي تقيسها هذه الأختبارات. إن الشخص الذكي وفقا لأختبارات الذكاء التقليدية قد لا يتسم بمهارات التفكير الجيد كالحكم واتخاذ القرارات وفقا لوجهة نظر ستانوفيتش التي تستعرض مبرراتها.
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