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"Steenkamp, R"
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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PERSPECTIVES: THE KU LEUVEN CASE STUDY
The technology transfer office (TTO) is central to the Belgian university KU Leuven Research and Development (LRD) department, and is commendable with respect to the challenges of technology transfer. Together with the current industrial revolution, the case study focuses on a contemporary problem with several dimensions. Background is provided on philosophical perspectives, academic power, technology transfer platforms, and technology readiness. The exemplary characteristics of KU Leuven and evidence of impressive artefacts obtained through personal observation of the LRD are presented. Essentially, the case study explains the primary functions of a multidisciplinary TTO for effective technology transfer to ecosystems, with platforms such as the library, university hospitals, and others. Keywords: technology readiness, technology transfer, technology transfer office, technology transfer platforms
Journal Article
A CONCEPTUAL AND CASE STUDY REVIEW OF THE QUADRUPLE HELIX MODEL OF INNOVATION
Despite its many pitfalls, the process of innovation should be made as attractive and practical as possible. Innovation model formation is an important yet complex process. This paper reviews the hypothetically improved quadruple helix (QH) model of innovation with respect to model concepts, innovation concepts, and current practical case studies. The updated model constitutes four innovation forces (constructs), namely (1) upscaling agility, (2) triple helix ecosystems, (3) triple management theory (TMT) and triple technology theory (TTT), and (4) epochal society. The model also shows a comprehensive interplay between these constructs within the modern digital, biological, legal and physical worlds. The authors reviewed the model through a conceptual explorative research design with narrative data. The evaluation implied the consideration of combining, adding, or omitting model constructs. Besides learner management and the need to provide a guide for how to use the model, the findings ultimately confirmed its value and usefulness.
Journal Article
A WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM PERSPECTIVE ON THE QUADRUPLE HELIX MODEL OF INNOVATION
The fourth industrial revolution is a relatively recent phenomenon, underpinned by multiple forces, and thus characterised by both innovation and complexity. Such characteristics bring into play several new concepts that affect societies, ecosystems, leadership, and management in different ways. The need for a model to explain the dynamics of the fourth industrial revolution seems evident from the scope, velocity, and speed of new technologies related to the fourth industrial revolution phenomenon. The quadruple helix model of innovation offers possibilities of bringing together the interplay of multiple concepts both to clarify and to simplify the primary dimensions of the fourth industrial revolution. This article examines these dimensions, and shows how the quadruple helix model potentially connects four movements: triple helix ecosystems, triple management theory, upscaling agility, and epochal society. To review the quadruple helix model, the study employs a three-phased strategy that combines secondary literature sources. This includes, as a prime focus, a perspective from the World Economic Forum as an expression of a prominent and expert view.
Journal Article
A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by γ-rays from blazars
Subdued lighting
The diffuse light permeating intergalactic space contains precious information about the early Universe. Exactly what information is a matter of conjecture: light from the first stars, perhaps, or direct starlight from later galaxies? Gamma-ray observations of two distant active galaxies with HESS, the High Energy Stereoscopic System array in Namibia, reveal that the diffuse light intensity is lower than expected from recent claims. This suggests that the Universe is more transparent to γ-rays than was thought, and favours galaxies as the dominant light source, rather than early stars.
The diffuse extragalactic background light consists of the sum of the starlight emitted by galaxies through the history of the Universe, and it could also have an important contribution from the ‘first stars’, which may have formed before galaxy formation began. Direct measurements are difficult and not yet conclusive, owing to the large uncertainties caused by the bright foreground emission associated with zodiacal light
1
. An alternative approach
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
is to study the absorption features imprinted on the γ-ray spectra of distant extragalactic objects by interactions of those photons with the background light photons
6
. Here we report the discovery of γ-ray emission from the blazars
7
H 2356 - 309 and 1ES 1101 - 232, at redshifts
z
= 0.165 and
z
= 0.186, respectively. Their unexpectedly hard spectra provide an upper limit on the background light at optical/near-infrared wavelengths that appears to be very close to the lower limit given by the integrated light of resolved galaxies
8
. The background flux at these wavelengths accordingly seems to be strongly dominated by the direct starlight from galaxies, thus excluding a large contribution from other sources—in particular from the first stars formed
9
. This result also indicates that intergalactic space is more transparent to γ-rays than previously thought.
Journal Article
Fast Variability of Tera-Electron Volt γ Rays from the Radio Galaxy M87
The detection of fast variations of the tera-electron volt (TeV) (10¹² eV) γ-ray flux, on time scales of days, from the nearby radio galaxy M87 is reported. These variations are about 10 times as fast as those observed in any other wave band and imply a very compact emission region with a dimension similar to the Schwarzschild radius of the central black hole. We thus can exclude several other sites and processes of the γ-ray production. The observations confirm that TeV γ rays are emitted by extragalactic sources other than blazars, where jets are not relativistically beamed toward the observer.
Journal Article
Discovery of very-high-energy γ-rays from the Galactic Centre ridge
Central issues
Events at the centre of our Galaxy are key to our understanding of high-energy processes in the Universe, since it contains examples of virtually every type of exotic object known to astronomers. The very-high-energy γ-ray emission from the Galactic Centre region has now been measured using HESS, the High Energy Stereoscopic System recently constructed in Namibia, South West Africa. HESS operates at energies above the regime accessible to satellite-based detectors, taking γ-ray astronomy into new territory. The results show that these clouds are glowing in very high energy γ-rays. The glow is caused by constant bombardment of the clouds by cosmic rays — probably protons and nuclei — produced close to the central black hole or in the expanding blast waves of supernova explosions.
The source of Galactic cosmic rays (with energies up to 10
15
eV) remains unclear, although it is widely believed that they originate in the shock waves of expanding supernova remnants
1
,
2
. At present the best way to investigate their acceleration and propagation is by observing the γ-rays produced when cosmic rays interact with interstellar gas
3
. Here we report observations of an extended region of very-high-energy (> 10
11
eV) γ-ray emission correlated spatially with a complex of giant molecular clouds in the central 200 parsecs of the Milky Way. The hardness of the γ-ray spectrum and the conditions in those molecular clouds indicate that the cosmic rays giving rise to the γ-rays are likely to be protons and nuclei rather than electrons. The energy associated with the cosmic rays could have come from a single supernova explosion around 10
4
years ago.
Journal Article
‘How long have I got doctor?’ The development and validation of a new prognostic model
In the current issue of Kidney International, Floege et al report the development and external validation of a prognostic score for patients starting haemodialysis. The model performs well and appears robust in various sub-groups and in external validation. This commentary takes a systematic approach to considering the generalisability of the results and applicability of the prognostic score to wider clinical practice.
Journal Article
Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma Rays Associated with an X-ray Binary
X-ray binaries are composed of a normal star in orbit around a neutron star or stellar-mass black hole. Radio and x-ray observations have led to the presumption that some x-ray binaries called microquasars behave as scaled-down active galactic nuclei. Microquasars have resolved radio emission that is thought to arise from a relativistic outflow akin to active galactic nuclei jets, in which particles can be accelerated to large energies. Very high energy [gamma]-rays produced by the interactions of these particles have been observed from several active galactic nuclei. Using the High Energy Stereoscopic System, we find evidence for gamma-ray emission of >100 gigaelectron volts from a candidate microquasar, LS 5039, showing that particles are also accelerated to very high energies in these systems.
Journal Article
Predicting persistence of hallucinations from childhood to adolescence
Psychotic experiences predict adverse health outcomes, particularly if they are persistent. However, it is unclear what distinguishes persistent from transient psychotic experiences.
In a large population-based cohort, we aimed to (a) describe the course of hallucinatory experiences from childhood to adolescence, (b) compare characteristics of youth with persistent and remittent hallucinatory experiences, and (c) examine prediction models for persistence.
Youth were assessed longitudinally for hallucinatory experiences at mean ages of 10 and 14 years (n = 3473). Multi-informant-rated mental health problems, stressful life events, self-esteem, non-verbal IQ and parental psychopathology were examined in relation to absent, persistent, remittent and incident hallucinatory experiences. We evaluated two prediction models for persistence with logistic regression and assessed discrimination using the area under the curve (AUC).
The persistence rate of hallucinatory experiences was 20.5%. Adolescents with persistent hallucinatory experiences had higher baseline levels of hallucinatory experiences, emotional and behavioural problems, as well as lower self-esteem and non-verbal IQ scores than youth with remittent hallucinatory experiences. Although the prediction model for persistence versus absence of hallucinatory experiences demonstrated excellent discriminatory power (AUC-corrected = 0.80), the prediction model for persistence versus remittance demonstrated poor accuracy (AUC-corrected = 0.61).
This study provides support for the dynamic expression of childhood hallucinatory experiences and suggests increased neurodevelopmental vulnerability in youth with persistent hallucinatory experiences. Despite the inclusion of a wide array of psychosocial parameters, a prediction model discriminated poorly between youth with persistent versus remittent hallucinatory experiences, confirming that persistent hallucinatory experiences are a complex multifactorial trait.
Journal Article