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(0.1–0.3 cm2) area multipoint silicon emitters with two-layer metal–fullerene coatings are studied. Field-emission sources that generate currents of several tens of milliamperes that are sufficient for several millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength microwave sources and compact X-ray sources are developed. Stable operation of multitip silicon field emitters with two-layer metal–fullerene coatings in high-voltage electronic devices is demonstrated at relatively high current output under technical vacuum conditions.

We investigate the operation of multitip silicon field emitters with new-type bilayer metal—fullerene protective coatings in technical vacuum. The experiments indicate that such cathodes ensures emission current densities averaged over the cathode surface of about 0.5 A/cm2 and can be used in high-voltage devices including microwave electronic instruments as well as portable X-ray sources.

The results of research in some cases allow to judge the change in the functional activity of the studied organs after the use of the preparation. The obtained factual material significantly supplements the information about the biological properties of the propolis water-alcohol emulsion. In practical veterinary medicine, the results of research can be taken into account when prescribing propolis for therapeutic and preventive purposes. Thus, as a result of the study, it was found that the most characteristic histological changes in the structural components of the intestinal wall are observed in the ileum of young pigs and pigs of the experimental groups. The height of this intestine villi in young pigs of the experimental group is 280.97 ± 3.37 microns, and in the control group - 193.89 ± 2.66 microns (p< 0.001). In pigs treated with the preparation, the villi also have a higher height - 256.89 ± 1.62 microns compared to 163.96 ± 0.61 microns in the control group. In young pigs and pigs of the control groups, the shape of the ileum villi is finger-shaped or bottle-shaped, and in animals of the experimental groups their forms are more differentiated - bottle-shaped, leaf-shaped and dome-shaped. This will allow store pigs receiving propolis preparation to better absorb the nutrients of the diet and gain weight faster. The research results are of interest to researchers developing propolis preparations for oral use.

The article analyzes the annual observation data of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (RosHydroMet) from 2010-2019. RosHydroMet constantly monitors and selects reliable information from various systems: national network stations, as well as foreign terrain and satellite stations, by which data of total ozone content have a high degree of reliability, accuracy and detail. Quantitative indicators of total ozone content over the territory of the Russian Federation are considered, the values of which are expressed by the reduced thickness of the ozone layer. Deviations of the average annual total ozone content from the norm for this period in percentage are also presented in graphic form and corresponding conclusions are made based on the analysis results.

Five ethylene-insensitive loci (wei1-wei5) were identified by using a low-dose screen for \"weak\" ethylene-insensitive mutants. wei1, wei2, and wei3 seedlings showed hormone insensitivity only in roots, whereas wei4 and wei5 displayed insensitivity in both roots and hypocotyls. The genes corresponding to wei1, wei4, and wei5 were isolated using a positional cloning approach. The wei1 mutant harbored a recessive mutation in TIR1, which encodes a component of the SCF protein ubiquitin ligase involved in the auxin response, wei4, a dominant mutant, resulted from a mutation in the ethylene receptor ERS, whereas wei5, a semidominant mutant, was caused by a mutation in the EIN3-related transcription factor gene EIL1. The simultaneous loss of functional WEI5/EIL1 and EIN3 nearly completely abolished the ethylene response in etiolated seedlings, and adult plants were highly susceptible to infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, wei5/eil1 ein3 double mutants were able to fully suppress constitutive signaling caused by ctr1, suggesting a synergistic interaction among these gene products. Unlike previously known root ethylene-insensitive mutants, wei2 and wei3 were not affected in their response to auxin and showed a normal response to gravity. Genetic mapping studies indicate that wei2 and wei3 correspond to previously unidentified ethylene pathway genes that may control cell-elongation processes functioning at the intersection of the ethylene and auxin response pathways.

The article provides the rationale that the domestic agricultural sector is a strategically important structure of the national economy, provides food, economic, environmental and energy security, contributes to the development of other industries and forms the socio-economic directions of the development of the state. A modern sign of progressive changes in agriculture of a country is the development of agribusiness. Agricultural business should be considered as the most progressive and highly effective form of joint organization of food production.

Kinetic studies indicate there are two phases to growth inhibition by ethylene for the hypocotyls of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. Phase I is transient, while phase II results in sustained growth inhibition. The EIN2 membrane protein is required for both the first and second phases of growth inhibition by ethylene, while the transcription factors EIN3 and EIL1 are required for the second phase but not the first phase. The first phase lasts no more than 2 h. It is less sensitive to the ethylene response inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene and more sensitive to ethylene than the second phase. The first phase shows adaptation at low concentrations of ethylene (less than or equal to 0.01 microliter L(-1)) with a relative refractory period of 5 h after ethylene is added. A modified signal transduction model is proposed that accounts for the two phases of growth inhibition.

We present the results of the development and study of the field emitters for high-voltage electronic devices operating in technical vacuum. The main attention is paid to estimating the possibilities of using distributed field emitters under the conditions of intense ion bombardment.

We describe multitip field emitters with protective coatings, which were developed in Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. The coatings ensure long-term operation of the emitters under high currents and technical vacuum. Innovative multi-layer emitters composed of contacting nanolayers of materials with different work functions are presented as well. The possibility by using the developed emitters in high-voltage electronic devices is demonstrated.

Gene functional studies often rely on the expression of a gene of interest as transcriptional and translational fusions with specialized tags. Ideally, this is done in the native chromosomal contexts to avoid potential misexpression artifacts. Although recent improvements in genome editing make it possible to directly modify the target genes in their native chromosomal location, classical transgenesis is still the preferred experimental approach chosen in most gene tagging studies because of its time efficiency and accessibility. We have developed a recombineering-based tagging system that brings together the convenience of the classical transgenic approaches and the high degree of confidence in the obtained results provided by the direct chromosomal tagging achievable by genome editing strategies. These simple and customizable recombineering toolsets and protocols allow for high-throughput generation of a variety of genetic modifications. In addition, a highly efficient recombinase-mediated cassette exchange system has been developed to facilitate the transfer of the desired sequences from a BAC clone to a transformation-compatible binary vector, expanding the use of the recombineering approaches beyond Arabidopsis. The utility of this system is demonstrated by the generation of over 250 whole-gene translational fusions and 123 Arabidopsis transgenic lines corresponding to 62 auxin-related genes, and the characterization of the translational reporter expression patterns for 14 auxin biosynthesis genes.