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"Stern, David"
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Paradise planned : the garden suburb and the modern city
\"From the same team that produced the monumental five-volume architectural history of New York comes the definitive work on the development of the garden suburb, a phenomenon that first emerged in England in the 1830s and still dominates residential architecture today\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The genetic causes of convergent evolution
Key Points
Convergent phenotypic evolution often results from similar genetic changes in independent species by a process known as parallel evolution.
Sometimes, convergent evolution results from the evolution of a genetic change that is inherited from an ancestral population or from hybridization between species, which, in this Review, are collectively called collateral evolution.
Whole-genome sequencing of experimental-evolution populations has provided compelling evidence for the importance of parallel evolution, and parallel evolution at specific genes has also been documented between highly divergent taxa.
Collateral evolution by ancestry is likely to be common in species in which a single large population is surrounded by multiple geographical isolates. Collateral evolution by hybridization has been documented only recently and is likely to be widespread in nature.
Multiple factors contribute to parallel evolution; it seems that genes which control key developmental decisions and those that interact most immediately with the environment are most likely to contribute to this type of evolution.
This Review distinguishes between three distinct routes by which similar genetic changes contribute to convergent evolution and discusses examples from diverse taxa. Convergent genetic evolution might result from the fact that some mutations both minimize pleiotropic effects and maximize adaptation.
The evolution of phenotypic similarities between species, known as convergence, illustrates that populations can respond predictably to ecological challenges. Convergence often results from similar genetic changes, which can emerge in two ways: the evolution of similar or identical mutations in independent lineages, which is termed parallel evolution; and the evolution in independent lineages of alleles that are shared among populations, which I call collateral genetic evolution. Evidence for parallel and collateral evolution has been found in many taxa, and an emerging hypothesis is that they result from the fact that mutations in some genetic targets minimize pleiotropic effects while simultaneously maximizing adaptation. If this proves correct, then the molecular changes underlying adaptation might be more predictable than has been appreciated previously.
Journal Article
Chasing New Horizons : inside the epic first mission to Pluto
Shares a behind-the-scenes account of the science, politics, egos, and public expectations that shaped the New Horizons' mission to Pluto and beyond, citing the endeavor's boundary-breaking achievements and how they reflect the collective power of shared human goals.
Book
The environmental Kuznets curve after 25 years
The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) has been the dominant approach among economists to modeling aggregate pollution emissions and ambient concentrations over the last quarter century. Despite this, the EKC was criticized almost from the start and decomposition approaches have been more popular in other disciplines working on global climate change. More recently, convergence approaches to modeling emissions have become popular. This paper reviews the history of the EKC and alternative approaches. Applying an approach that synthesizes the EKC and convergence approaches, I show that convergence is important for explaining both pollution emissions and concentrations. On the other hand, economic growth has a strong positive effect on carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but weaker effects on non-industrial GHG emissions and concentrations of particulates. Negative time effects are important for sulfur and industrial and non-industrial GHG emissions. Even for particulate concentrations, economic growth only reduces pollution at very high income levels. Future research should focus on developing and testing alternative theoretical models and investigating the non-growth drivers of pollution reduction.
Journal Article
Evolution of a central neural circuit underlies Drosophila mate preferences
Courtship rituals serve to reinforce reproductive barriers between closely related species.
Drosophila melanogaster
and
Drosophila simulans
exhibit reproductive isolation, owing in part to the fact that
D. melanogaster
females produce 7,11-heptacosadiene, a pheromone that promotes courtship in
D. melanogaster
males but suppresses courtship in
D. simulans
males. Here we compare pheromone-processing pathways in
D. melanogaster
and
D. simulans
males to define how these sister species endow 7,11-heptacosadiene with the opposite behavioural valence to underlie species discrimination. We show that males of both species detect 7,11-heptacosadiene using homologous peripheral sensory neurons, but this signal is differentially propagated to P1 neurons, which control courtship behaviour. A change in the balance of excitation and inhibition onto courtship-promoting neurons transforms an excitatory pheromonal cue in
D. melanogaster
into an inhibitory cue in
D. simulans
. Our results reveal how species-specific pheromone responses can emerge from conservation of peripheral detection mechanisms and diversification of central circuitry, and demonstrate how flexible nodes in neural circuits can contribute to behavioural evolution.
A female
Drosophila melanogaster
pheromone is recognized by males from both the same and a closely related species through conserved peripheral sensory neurons; the signal is then differentially propagated to promote conspecific and suppress interspecies courtship.
Journal Article
The Role of Energy in the Industrial Revolution and Modern Economic Growth
The expansion in the supply of energy services over the last couple of centuries has reduced the apparent importance of energy in economic growth despite energy being an essential production input. We demonstrate this by developing a simple extension of the Solow growth model, which we use to investigate 200 years of Swedish data. We find that the elasticity of substitution between a capital-labor aggregate and energy is less than unity, which implies that when energy services are scarce they strongly constrain output growth resulting in a low income steady-state. When energy services are abundant the economy exhibits the behavior of the \"modern growth regime\" with the Solow model as a limiting case. The expansion of energy services is found to be a major factor in explaining economic growth in Sweden, especially before the second half of the 20th century. After 1950, labor-augmenting technological change becomes the dominant factor driving growth though energy still plays a role.
Journal Article
Guardians of the galaxy : tomorrow's heroes omnibus
\"A thousand years from now, Vance Astro, Yondu, Martinex and Charlie-27 will rise to free the enslaved planet Earth -- as the Guardians of the Galaxy! Soon, Captain America, Doctor Strange, the Thing, the Hulk and more join the time-spanning heroes in the war to reclaim the future! Threats arise from other worlds -- as well as new allies Nikki and the uncanny Starhawk! But when Guardians and Avengers join forces in the present day, will even the combined might of two millennia be enough to stop the deranged demigod Michael Korvac? Plus: the Silver Surfer, Ms. Marvel, Spider-Man and Adam Warlock!\"-- Amazon.com description.
Book
High-Ranked Social Science Journal Articles Can Be Identified from Early Citation Information
Do citations accumulate too slowly in the social sciences to be used to assess the quality of recent articles? I investigate whether this is the case using citation data for all articles in economics and political science published in 2006 and indexed in the Web of Science. I find that citations in the first two years after publication explain more than half of the variation in cumulative citations received over a longer period. Journal impact factors improve the correlation between the predicted and actual future ranks of journal articles when using citation data from 2006 alone but the effect declines sharply thereafter. Finally, more than half of the papers in the top 20% in 2012 were already in the top 20% in the year of publication (2006).
Journal Article