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Though generally deriding harm, people are, nonetheless, forced to navigate a social world in which harm inevitably exists but also where inflicting it can be unavoidable. In three chapters, I explore: 1) The social-relational aspects that affect how retaliation is evaluated; 2) how misogyny—the bigotry that subsists in the context of the world’s most intertwined groups (men and women)—compares to another form of bigotry, black racism; and 3) the dynamics of how men and women—highly dependent on one another in many circumstances—navigate work and home life in the context of misogyny. By exploring how people evaluate retaliation—or the choice not to retaliate—on behalf of self, friend, or stranger in various circumstances, I found that retaliation was favored when open and visible to offender and onlookers and also commensurate with the original offense and condemned when considered surreptitious and harsh. Perhaps as my most compelling results, the more retaliation was endorsed, the higher people rated retaliation for friends (allies) over self- and third-party retaliation. In other words, when people found overall retaliation to be warranted, they rated acting on behalf of a friend higher than the other identities, suggesting that retaliation may be the purview of allies. Conversely, the more overall retaliation was regarded negatively, the greater people regarded abstaining from retaliation for oneself favorably. Such a result suggested that when overall retaliation is condemned, choosing not to retaliate for oneself may be an indication of strength. In Chapter 2, I compared four conditions in which a target, either a white woman, a black man, or a black woman experiences an onslaught of slurs, (along with a control, who was a white man and experiences insults). As predicted, Study 1 demonstrated that people considered 1) racism to be much worse than misogyny across a range of dependent measures, 2) racism to be diluted by the inclusion of misogyny (black-woman condition), and 3) that misogyny serves as something of a “gateway” to other forms of bigotry. In Study 2, I tweaked the language, adding nuance to the original findings. Finally, in Chapter 3, I explored how manipulating worldly prestige, choice, and child-rearing would interact with gender using scenarios describing couples’ work and home-life decisions. I was also interested in how the decisions and positions of a given protagonist’s partner would affect evaluations. Overarchingly, I found that women were praised for making non-normative decisions when they were pressured or coerced into them or when they were framed as supporting an ambitious man. Conversely, men were denigrated for taking on child-caring or “lesser” job positions but especially when paired with a partner who had a powerful, lucrative career.

Background Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability internationally. One of the three effective interventions in the acute phase of stroke care is thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), if given within 4.5 hours of onset to appropriate cases of ischaemic stroke. Objectives To test the effectiveness of a multi-component multidisciplinary collaborative approach compared to usual care as a strategy for increasing thrombolysis rates for all stroke patients at intervention hospitals, while maintaining accepted benchmarks for low rates of intracranial haemorrhage and high rates of functional outcomes for both groups at three months. Methods and design A cluster randomised controlled trial of 20 hospitals across 3 Australian states with 2 groups: multi- component multidisciplinary collaborative intervention as the experimental group and usual care as the control group. The intervention is based on behavioural theory and analysis of the steps, roles and barriers relating to rapid assessment for thrombolysis eligibility; it involves a comprehensive range of strategies addressing individual-level and system-level change at each site. The primary outcome is the difference in tPA rates between the two groups post-intervention. The secondary outcome is the proportion of tPA treated patients in both groups with good functional outcomes (modified Rankin Score (mRS <2) and the proportion with intracranial haemorrhage (mRS ≥2), compared to international benchmarks. Discussion TIPS will trial a comprehensive, multi-component and multidisciplinary collaborative approach to improving thrombolysis rates at multiple sites. The trial has the potential to identify methods for optimal care which can be implemented for stroke patients during the acute phase. Study findings will include barriers and solutions to effective thrombolysis implementation and trial outcomes will be published whether significant or not. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613000939796

The vaquita is the most critically endangered marine mammal, with fewer than 19 remaining in the wild. First described in 1958, the vaquita has been in rapid decline resulting from inadvertent deaths due to the increasing use of large-mesh gillnets for more than 20 years. To understand the evolutionary and demographic history of the vaquita, we used combined long-read sequencing and long-range scaffolding methods with long- and short-read RNA sequencing to generate a near error-free annotated reference genome assembly from cell lines derived from a female individual. The genome assembly consists of 99.92% of the assembled sequence contained in 21 nearly gapless chromosome-length autosome scaffolds and the X-chromosome scaffold, with a scaffold N50 of 115 Mb. Genome-wide heterozygosity is the lowest (0.01%) of any mammalian species analyzed to date, but heterozygosity is evenly distributed across the chromosomes, consistent with long-term small population size at genetic equilibrium, rather than low diversity resulting from a recent population bottleneck or inbreeding. Historical demography of the vaquita indicates long-term population stability at less than 5000 (Ne) for over 200,000 years. Together, these analyses indicate that the vaquita genome has had ample opportunity to purge highly deleterious alleles and potentially maintain diversity necessary for population health. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.