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"Stewart, David W"
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The prevalence of metabolic conditions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with health and sociodemographic factors
There is a dearth of evidence on the relationship between COVID-19 and metabolic conditions among the general U.S. population. We examined the prevalence and association of metabolic conditions with health and sociodemographic factors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Data were drawn from the 2019 (N = 5,359) and 2020 (N = 3,830) Health Information National Trends Surveys on adults to compare observations before (2019) and during (2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted weighted descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess the study objective.
During the pandemic, compared to pre-pandemic, the prevalence of diabetes (18.10% vs. 17.28%) has increased, while the prevalence of hypertension (36.38% vs. 36.36%) and obesity (34.68% vs. 34.18%) has remained similar. In general, the prevalence of metabolic conditions was higher during the pandemic (56.09%) compared to pre-pandemic (54.96%). Compared to never smokers, former smokers had higher odds of metabolic conditions (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.87 and AOR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10, 2.25) before and during the pandemic, respectively. People with mild anxiety/depression symptoms (before: AOR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.19 and during: AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.38) had higher odds of metabolic conditions relative to those with no anxiety/depression symptoms.
This study found increased odds of metabolic conditions among certain subgroups of US adults during the pandemic. We recommend further studies and proper allocation of public health resources to address these conditions.
Journal Article
Online Focus Groups
The rise of Web 2.0, the advent of greater bandwidth, and new technology platforms have made it possible to extend the range of focus-group research to the online environment. This provides advertising researchers, advertising agencies, and advertisers with opportunities to reach consumers who were heretofore difficult to reach, to create groups with new and different compositions, and to use online collaborative tools not readily available in face-to-face groups. This article reviews online focus-group research, identifies several types of online groups, and contrasts the uses and results of online focus groups with the uses and results of face-to-face focus groups. The article concludes that online and face-to-face venues for focus-group research are complementary, with online focus-group research opening new opportunities for gathering data to inform advertising research, theory, and decision making. The article also suggests that differences between online focus-group research and face-to-face focus-group research, with respect to group interaction and the ability to obtain information, are being eroded as technology provides greater opportunities to create social presence in an online environment.
Journal Article
Uncertainty and Risk Are Multidimensional
The COVID-19 pandemic is a generational phenomenon, a defining experience for those who have experienced it. Much will be written about the causes and effects of the pandemic as additional data become available. Although not deliberate, there are quasi-experiments underway related to alternative societal responses to the pandemic, such as the reduction of economic and social activity, the degree of social distancing, and the focus of social distancing efforts.It is too early for any comprehensive analysis of the effects of and response to the pandemic. Nevertheless, there are lessons to be learned or, at least, remembered. This commentary offers a discussion of four of these lessons: (1) the differences between uncertainty and risk, (2) the multidimensionality of both uncertainty and risk and responses to them, (3) the multilayered character of risk management and public policy response, and (4) the role of marketing in the management of risk and uncertainty.
Journal Article
Active-Learning Processes Used in US Pharmacy Education
Objective. To document the type and extent of active-learning techniques used in US colleges and schools of pharmacy as well as factors associated with use of these techniques.
Methods. A survey instrument was developed to assess whether and to what extent active learning was used by faculty members of US colleges and schools of pharmacy. This survey instrument was distributed via the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) mailing list.
Results. Ninety-five percent (114) of all US colleges and schools of pharmacy were represented with at least 1 survey among the 1179 responses received. Eighty-seven percent of respondents used active-learning techniques in their classroom activities. The heavier the teaching workload the more active-learning strategies were used. Other factors correlated with higher use of active-learning strategies included younger faculty member age (inverse relationship), lower faculty member rank (inverse relationship), and departments that focused on practice, clinical and social, behavioral, and/or administrative sciences.
Conclusions. Active learning has been embraced by pharmacy educators and is used to some extent by the majority of US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Future research should focus on how active-learning methods can be used most effectively within pharmacy education, how it can gain even broader acceptance throughout the academy, and how the effect of active learning on programmatic outcomes can be better documented.
Journal Article
Interplay of consumer animosity and product country image in consumers’ purchase decisions
The literature has long acknowledged the impact of stereotypical associations with a product’s country of origin (COO) on consumers’ cognitive assessments of the product. However, consumers’ emotional reactions to a product’s COO can also influence their decisions. For example, the literature reports a monotonically negative relationship between consumer animosity (CA) and the purchase of products from an animosity-evoking country. The literature provides an incomplete picture though because it does not consider other factors that may transform this negative relationship. Drawing on theories of the interplay between affect and cognition in decision-making, this research investigates the nuanced interaction between CA and product country image (PCI). Using samples from the United States, China, Japan, and South Korea, we find that the monotonically negative impact of CA holds only when the target country’s PCI is unfavorable. When PCI is favorable, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between CA and purchase intentions – that is, CA has a positive effect on purchase intention as it increases from low to moderate levels and a negative effect as its magnitude escalates beyond a threshold. These findings offer new insights to address the complexity of market entry modes, segmentation, targeting, positioning, and communication decisions in international markets.
Journal Article
Perceptions of risk for COVID-19 among individuals with chronic diseases and stakeholders in Central Appalachia
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly evolving and is a serious public health threat worldwide. Timely and effective control of the pandemic is highly dependent on preventive approaches. Perception of risk is a major determinant of health behavior. The current study explores the association between actual risk and perceived risk for one’s self, family/friends and friends, and community. A questionnaire was administered to participants in Central Appalachia (
n
= 102). The actual risk was based on the number of chronic conditions of the following conditions: hypertension, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Participants were also queried about their perception of risk for COVID-19. Generalized Linear Models were used to independently evaluate the likelihood of perceived risk for one’s: self, family/friends, and community, based on actual risk. Actual risk for COVID-19 was significantly associated with higher likelihood of higher perception of risk for one’s self (
b
= 0.24;
p
= 0.04), but not with one’s family/friends (
b
= 0.05;
p
= 0.68), or one’s community (
b
= 0.14;
p
= 0.16). No health insurance was negatively associated with perception of risk for self (
b
= −0.59;
p
= 0.04) and family/friends (
b
= −0.92;
p
< 0.001). Male gender (
b
= −0.47;
p
= 0.01) was also negatively associated with perception of risk for family/friends. In conclusion, individuals’ actual risk for COVID-19 is associated with their own perception of risk. This indicates that one’s perception of risk for COVID-19 is greater for their own health compared to their family/friends or the community. Therefore, monitoring and following up with chronic disease patients and addressing their lack of awareness of risk to others is needed to prevent and curtail the spread of COVID-19.
Journal Article
Data Privacy in Retail
Unprecedented, exponential growth in the amount of consumer data collected by retailers across various customer touchpoints has made safeguarding data privacy a key priority. Data privacy in retail contexts requires convergence among three key stakeholders—consumer, retailer, and regulatory—each of which has unique roles and viewpoints. With a global perspective and a multimethod data collection approach, combining in-depth expert interviews, a large-scale consumer survey across four countries, and global case studies, this research identifies three emergent themes for understanding the convergence of these three stakeholders’ interests: (1) big data as a driver of customer relationship performance, (2) profound impacts of regulation, and (3) privacy protection as a proactive retail strategy. These themes underscore the complex interrelations among consumers, retailers, and regulatory forces. The delineated research opportunities in turn may foster deeper understanding of these stakeholders, their perspectives, and their convergence.
Journal Article
Threats to Hope: Effects on Reasoning about Product Information
Three studies find that when individuals become less confident that what they yearn for is possible (i.e., when hope is threatened) they engage in motivated reasoning related to products that purport to enable goal attainment. Specifically, they (a) selectively search for information from a product‐favorable information source, (b) regard this information as more credible, and (c) are less discriminating of low‐credibility message arguments. They also (d) require more negative information before they feel that they are able to evaluate a product’s effectiveness and (e) are more likely to judge the product as effective at helping them attain their goal.
Journal Article