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Structural variations of DNA greater than 1 kilobase in size account for most bases that vary among human genomes, but are still relatively under-ascertained. Here we use tiling oligonucleotide microarrays, comprising 42 million probes, to generate a comprehensive map of 11,700 copy number variations (CNVs) greater than 443 base pairs, of which most (8,599) have been validated independently. For 4,978 of these CNVs, we generated reference genotypes from 450 individuals of European, African or East Asian ancestry. The predominant mutational mechanisms differ among CNV size classes. Retrotransposition has duplicated and inserted some coding and non-coding DNA segments randomly around the genome. Furthermore, by correlation with known trait-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we identified 30 loci with CNVs that are candidates for influencing disease susceptibility. Despite this, having assessed the completeness of our map and the patterns of linkage disequilibrium between CNVs and SNPs, we conclude that, for complex traits, the heritability void left by genome-wide association studies will not be accounted for by common CNVs. Major CNV data sets Copy number variations or CNVs are a common form of genetic variation between individuals, caused by genomic rearrangements, either inherited or due to de novo mutation. A major collaborative effort using tiling oligonucleotide microarrays and HapMap samples has generated a comprehensive working map of 11,700 CNVs in the human genome. About half of these were also genotyped in individuals of different ancestry — European, African or East Asian. Thirty loci with CNVs that are candidates for influencing disease susceptibility were identified. Published online last October, this vast data set is a landmark in terms of completeness and spatial resolution, and as John Armour wrote in News & Views , is likely to stand as a definitive resource for years to come. This resource is the main focus of a new genome-wide association study, from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, of the links between common CNVs and eight common human diseases. Providing a wealth of technical insights to inform future study design and analysis, the Wellcome study also implies that common CNVs that can be genotyped using existing platforms are unlikely to have a major role in the genetic basis of common diseases. Much genetic variation among humans can be accounted for by structural DNA differences that are greater than 1 kilobase in size. Here, using tiling oligonucleotide arrays and HapMap samples, a map of 11,700 copy number variations (CNVs) bigger than 443 base pairs has been generated. About half of these CNVs were also genotyped in individuals of different ancestry. The results offer insight into the relative prevalence of mechanisms that generate CNVs, their evolution, and their contribution to complex genetic diseases.

The Coronary Artery Disease Genetics Consortium report a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for coronary artery disease (CAD) in discovery and replication cohorts including both European and South Asian studies. They identify five loci newly associated with CAD. Genome-wide association studies have identified 11 common variants convincingly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , a modest number considering the apparent heritability of CAD 8 . All of these variants have been discovered in European populations. We report a meta-analysis of four large genome-wide association studies of CAD, with ∼575,000 genotyped SNPs in a discovery dataset comprising 15,420 individuals with CAD (cases) (8,424 Europeans and 6,996 South Asians) and 15,062 controls. There was little evidence for ancestry-specific associations, supporting the use of combined analyses. Replication in an independent sample of 21,408 cases and 19,185 controls identified five loci newly associated with CAD ( P < 5 × 10 −8 in the combined discovery and replication analysis): LIPA on 10q23, PDGFD on 11q22, ADAMTS7-MORF4L1 on 15q25, a gene rich locus on 7q22 and KIAA1462 on 10p11. The CAD-associated SNP in the PDGFD locus showed tissue-specific cis expression quantitative trait locus effects. These findings implicate new pathways for CAD susceptibility.

Abstract To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1–11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely.

We performed a meta-analysis of 14 genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease (CAD) comprising 22,233 individuals with CAD (cases) and 64,762 controls of European descent followed by genotyping of top association signals in 56,682 additional individuals. This analysis identified 13 loci newly associated with CAD at P < 5 × 10^sup -8^ and confirmed the association of 10 of 12 previously reported CAD loci. The 13 new loci showed risk allele frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.91 and were associated with a 6% to 17% increase in the risk of CAD per allele. Notably, only three of the new loci showed significant association with traditional CAD risk factors and the majority lie in gene regions not previously implicated in the pathogenesis of CAD. Finally, five of the new CAD risk loci appear to have pleiotropic effects, showing strong association with various other human diseases or traits. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]