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Ruled by Race
From the Civil War to Reconstruction, the Redeemer period, Jim Crow, and the modern civil rights era to the present, Ruled by Race describes the ways that race has been at the center of much of the state's formation and image since its founding. Grif Stockley uses the work of published and unpublished historians and exhaustive primary source materials along with stories from authors as diverse as Maya Angelou and E. Lynn Harris to bring to life the voices of those who have both studied and lived the racial experience in Arkansas.
eBook
Daisy Bates
Daisy Bates (1914-1999) is renowned as the mentor of the Little Rock Nine, the first African Americans to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. For guiding the Nine through one of the most tumultuous civil rights crises of the 1950s, she was selected as Woman of the Year in Education by the Associated Press in 1957 and was the only woman invited to speak at the Lincoln Memorial ceremony in the March on Washington in 1963. But her importance as a historical figure has been overlooked by scholars of the civil rights movement.
Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader from Arkansaschronicles her life and political advocacy before, during, and well after the Central High School crisis. An orphan from the Arkansas mill town of Huttig, she eventually rose to the zenith of civil rights action. In 1952, she was elected president of the NAACP in Arkansas and traveled the country speaking on political issues. During the 1960s, she worked as a field organizer for presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson to get out the black vote. Even after a series of strokes, she continued to orchestrate self-help and economic initiatives in Arkansas.
Using interviews, archival records, contemporary news-paper accounts, and other materials, author Grif Stockley reconstructs Bates's life and career, revealing her to be a complex, contrary leader of the civil rights movement. Ultimately, Daisy Bates paints a vivid portrait of an ardent, overlooked advocate of social justice.
eBook
The Twenty-One Deaths Caused by the 1959 Fire at the Arkansas Negro Boys Industrial School
IN THE PAPERS of Gov. Orval E. Faubus, housed in the Special Collections archives at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, there are twenty-eight letters and telegrams from out of state addressed to Faubus (including one from great Britain) in early March of 1959 condemning the deaths of twenty-one boys in a fire at Arkansas Negro Boys Industrial School. Frazier Peters of New york wrote, “Dear Sir: The more I read about your state the less I am interested in keeping it in the Union. Archaic and barbarous.” Luville Milton of San Mateo, California, added, “My dear governor Faubus, each
Book Chapter
The Last All-White College Football Championship Game
[...] the board informally made it clear to him that he if he wanted the head coaching job at Arkansas he could not recruit black athletes.
Journal Article
A BATTLE EVERY DAY
The United States’ enemies were having a field day. Communists had always been able to score points in the running worldwide propaganda war: the U.S. government’s acceptance of the white South’s “way of life” represented unmitigated hypocrisy. After September 4 and after the photographs of Elizabeth Eckford being harassed by the mob had gone around the world, Little Rock had become a major foreign policy sore spot. With the debacle on September 23, there was no doubt who had won a major battle. Did mobs rule in the United States, or did the federal government?
Before the morning of September
Book Chapter
COPING WITH DEFEAT
As the calendar turned over to 1959, Daisy Bates may have guessed what a fateful year it was to be for her and L. C. On January 29 she wrote Roy Wilkins that she would be in New York on “February 1, to address the Great Neck Branch. I will leave for Lakeville, [Conn.,] Monday. I plan to drop by the office Monday morning, and if it is at all possible, I would like to see you for a few minutes.”¹ What Bates wanted to say in private to Wilkins is not known. Most likely, it was about money. Though
Book Chapter
THE BOMBSHELL OF BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION
On May 17, 1954, the date of the U.S. Supreme Court decision inBrown v. Board of Education, it was likely that not a single black person in Little Rock occupied a position of authority over a white adult. White supremacy was an unquestioned fact of daily existence. This does not mean that cracks weren’t beginning to appear in the practice of segregation. To be sure, in places like Little Rock, where the population was mostly white, certain minor adjustments in the color line were already being made. Besides limited use of the public library, small numbers of blacks were
Book Chapter
MITCHELLVILLE—SELF-HELP OR MONUMENT?
It does not appear that Bates’s health allowed her to return to work for the national NAACP in 1965, but she was strong enough to do what she most enjoyed, and that was work with black youngsters. By June 1966, through her influence and dedication, the NAACP Youth Council flourished in Little Rock, growing to about 137 members.
Unfortunately, early on in 1966 it was becoming apparent that L. C. was having major conflict in his role as field secretary with Dr. Jerry Jewell, a Little Rock dentist who had succeeded George Howard as Arkansas president of the State Conference
Book Chapter
TWO STEPS BACK
TheState Pressgreeted the new year of 1957 with grim determination, noting that in the state, “anti-Negro forces are organized and are gaining momentum by the day and are urged on by Arkansas’s executive head, and some of the state’s news media, and enjoy the sneaking cooperation of many of modern ‘Uncle Toms.’ ”¹ There would be no letup against Daisy and L. C. In a telegram dated January 7 to Roy Wilkins, Daisy reported that on Saturday night a crude incendiary bomb was thrown in the carport but that the wind had blown it out before it caused
Book Chapter