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"Stopher, Peter R"
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Collecting, Managing, and Assessing Data Using Sample Surveys
Collecting, Managing, and Assessing Data Using Sample Surveys provides a thorough, step-by-step guide to the design and implementation of surveys. Beginning with a primer on basic statistics, the first half of the book takes readers on a comprehensive tour through the basics of survey design. Topics covered include the ethics of surveys, the design of survey procedures, the design of the survey instrument, how to write questions and how to draw representative samples. Having shown readers how to design surveys, the second half of the book discusses a number of issues surrounding their implementation, including repetitive surveys, the economics of surveys, web-based surveys, coding and data entry, data expansion and weighting, the issue of non-response, and the documenting and archiving of survey data. The book is an excellent introduction to the use of surveys for graduate students as well as a useful reference work for scholars and professionals.
eBook
Travel time budgets: new evidence from multi-year, multi-day data
The existence of stable personal travel-time expenditure has been debated for more than 40 years. Aggregate research has supported this notion, while disaggregate research has largely failed to find evidence. In this paper, a unique data set containing multi-day GPS measurements of travel time expenditures over a period from 5 to 8 years is used to examine the evidence for stable daily personal travel-time expenditures. The evidence from this study adds further support to the notion that people expend a stable amount of travel time over a period as long as 8 years, and the average level of such expenditure accords almost exactly with that claimed over the years from aggregate studies.
Journal Article
Use of an activity-based diary to collect household travel data
The paper describes the results of a pilot survey that used a one-day activity diary to collect origin-destination data, as opposed to a travel-based diary. The design of the diary is discussed, together with a comparison to a more conventional travel diary. The paper examines the extent to which the activity diary appears to have been capable of collecting good travel data Wat is at least comparable to travel diary efforts. In addition, a substantial portion of the paper is concerned with a comparison of the retrieval methods for the diaries. Two alternative methods were pilot-tested, one being the use of telephone retrieval and the other being meilback retrieval. Although the pilot test used small samples, the evidence appears to be strong that meilback is preferable to telephone retrieval, while telephone retrieval did not seem capable of providing some of the benefits often ascribed to it.
Journal Article
Guidelines for samplers: measuring a change in behaviour from before and after surveys
This paper addresses the issue of using before and after surveys to evaluate behavioural changes in response to transport policies and investments, a procedure that, we argue is done far too rarely in this profession. Further, it demonstrates very clearly that, in almost all conceivable cases, there are considerable economies to be obtained by using a panel (again, under-utilised in our profession) to undertake evaluation, rather than successive independent cross-sectional surveys. The paper also addresses the critical issue of sample size requirements for measuring changes of a relatively small magnitude in travel behaviour; i.e., to state, with 95% confidence, that if there is a ∂ percent change in behaviour for the sample, there is a ∂ percent ± e percent change in the behaviour of the population, where e is the sampling error. In this paper, we present a method for calculating such sample size requirements from first principles and demonstrate the applicability both hypothetically and then empirically using data from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. The formulation enables designers of before and after surveys to investigate the trade-offs between the statistical accuracy of their predictions and the sample size requirements systematically, without the need to specify ∂ a priori. This latter point is crucial, we argue, because we have limited information on ∂, yet, as we explain here, it drives the sample size requirements using alternative, well-cited approaches for calculating sample sizes to assess behavioural change. The results have important ramifications both for those implementing transport policies intended to produce behavioural change, especially when a cost-benefit evaluation of the policy is desired, and for those interpreting the results reported in previous studies. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007
Journal Article
Monte Carlo simulation of household travel survey data with Bayesian updating
Several recent papers have demonstrated the feasibility of using Monte Carlo simulation to simulate characteristics that would be collected in a household travel survey - number of trips by purpose, mode of travel, trip length, and time of departure - using sociodemographic data on the household from a census, and distributions of travel characteristics from a national travel survey. Although shown to be feasible as a method, the results tended to reflect still more of the nature of the source national travel data, and not as much of the local characteristics as would be desired. This paper describes research in which the distributions of travel characteristics were updated from a small local sample, using the method of Bayesian updating with subjective priors. The resulting distributions were found to resemble more closely those of the local area for which the simulation was being undertaken. The paper describes the procedure of updating. It then summarises the results obtained in updating the distributions for Adelaide in South Australia, using original distributions from the US and local census data, together with a local household travel survey. The paper also shows the results of expanding the simulated data to the region. These results are compared with the expansion of actual survey data for the region. It is found that the updated simulation gives a more accurate simulation result for the region than simulation without updating.
Journal Article
Visualising trips and travel characteristics from GPS data
In the past three years, a number of attempts have been made to use Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to measure elements of person travel that have never been successfully measured by conventional interview and self-administered surveys. A key component of this application of GPS devices is to process the track points recorded, so as to produce maps and other visual representations of the travel conducted with the device. These maps and other visualisations of the travel are subsequently used in a prompted recall survey, to obtain additional data about the travel that cannot be measured by the GPS devices, such as travel purposes, number in the travelling party, and costs associated with the travel. Determining what constitutes a trip, and processing the data to produce a recognizable map of the travel is essential to the success of a prompted recall survey. In turn, the use of this type of survey avoids the need for survey subjects to enter data in a diary or electronic device during the travel-a task that is both burdensome and likely to be forgotten or omitted sufficiently often to negate most of the benefits of a GPS survey. This paper describes the use of the GPS devices in this type of survey, the paradigms used to convert the track points to coherent trips, examination and correction of the visualised travel, and methods used to prepare maps and other visual tools, which can be presented to subjects in a prompted recall survey. Methods to display the trips and other information that can be gained from alternative ways of presenting the data are also outlined in the paper. These include the ability to determine when a person travels in congested conditions, examination of delays at traffic lights and other controlled intersections, and identification of the locations of acceleration and deceleration episodes.
Journal Article
A review of separate and joint strategies for the use of data on revealed and stated choices
Absteact. Thin paper examines recent developments in household travel surveys that collect data for use in transportation planning and modeling efforts The paper then introduces the notion of a total survey design and elaborates on what to meant by this concept This is done first in the context of standard surveys of revealed choices. The paper discusses aspects of content and respondent burden and illustrates the potential to reduce respondent burden through careful consideration of content, question design, and question ordering. The paper also explores some issues of survey \"friendliness\" particularly with respect to activity surveys versus time-use surveys, with some observations about the potential of time-use surveys to eliminate some of the burden and content problems of previous diary designs. The remainder of the paper concentrates on the issue of collecting stated-response data and examines two alternative methods for collection: simultaneous collection of the contextual information and \"on-the-fly\" development of the alternatives for the stated-response questions, or sequential collection of contextual data and development of the stated-response questions. The paper also addresses issues of respondent burden that arise in the administration of stated-response surveys. The paper concludes with exploration of some of the reasons for collecting stated-response data, with particular emphasis on the US situation In conclusion, the paper stresses again the need for a total design concept for collection of stated-response data, as well as for the simpler collection of more standard revealed choice data
Journal Article
SMART: simulation model for activities, resources and travel
This paper proposes the development of an activity-based model of travel that integrates household activities, land use patterns, traffic flows, and regional demographics. The model is intended as a replacement of the traditional Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS) modeling system now in common use. Operating in a geographic-information system (GIS) environment, the model's heart is a Household Activity Simulator that determines the locations and travel patterns of household members daily activities in 3 categories: mandatory, flexible, and optional. The system produces traffic volumes on streets and land use intensity patterns, as well as typical travel outputs. The model is particularly well suited to analyzing issues related to the Clean Air Act and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). Implementation would, ideally, require an activity-based travel diary, but can be done with standard house-interview travel surveys. An implementation effort consisting of validation research in parallel with concurrent model programming is recommended.
Journal Article