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Exploring Russia in the Elizabethan Commonwealth tells the story of English relations with Russia, from the ‘strange and wonderfull discoverie’ of the land and Elizabeth I’s correspondence with Ivan the Terrible, to the corruption of the Muscovy Company and the Elizabethan regime’s censorship of politically sensitive representations of Russia. Focusing on the life and works of Giles Fletcher, the elder, ambassador to Russia in 1588, this work explores two popular themes in Elizabethan history: exploration, travel and trade and late Elizabethan political culture. By analysing the pervasive languages of commonwealth, corruption and tyranny found in both the Muscovy Company accounts and in Fletcher’s writings on Russia, this monograph explores how Russia was a useful tool for Elizabethans to think with when they contemplated the nature of government and the changing face of monarchy in the late Elizabethan regime. It will appeal to academics and students of Elizabethan political culture and literary studies, as well as those of early modern travel and trade.

We monitored a population of pickerel frogs (Rana palustris) in an Ozark cave over a 2-year period. Frogs were found from August to April with densities peaking from November to December. Although densities were quite high in these peak months, stomach content and stable isotope analyses reveal that R. palustris does not play a significant role as a predator in this subterranean system. These results suggest that the caves are being used as thermal refugia during the coldest months of the year.

The range of the single-site endemic cave crayfish, Cambarus tartarus, is expanded to an additional cave system (Long's Cave), but is still restricted to the Spavinaw Creek watershed within Delaware County, Oklahoma. Censuses of these 2 populations in 2001 and 2004 produced record high counts: 17 individuals in January-Stansbury Cave and 63 in Long's Cave. January-Stansbury Cave, with at least 52 species of animals, is the most species-rich subterranean habitat in Oklahoma to date. Conservation activities are summarized. Cambarus tartarus remains extremely vulnerable to degraded habitat quality, and further protection is recommended. /// La distribución del camarón de agua dulce Cambarus tartarus, endémica de un sólo sitio, se extiende a un sistema de cuevas adicionales (Long's Cave), pero continúa restringida a la cuenca Spavinaw Creek en el condado de Delaware, Oklahoma. Los censos de estas dos poblaciones en el 2001 y 2004 produjeron records altos de conteos: 17 individuos en January-Stansberry Cave y 63 en Long's Cave. January-Stansberry Cave, con al menos 52 especies de animales, es la cueva más rica en especies en Oklahoma hasta la fecha. Se resumen actividades de conservación. Cambarus tartarus permanece extremadamente vulnerable a la degradación de la calidad del hábitat, y se recomienda más protección.

During a two year population ecology study in a cave environment, 15 Eurycea (=Typhlotriton) spelaea were observed ingesting bat guano. Furthermore, E. spelaea capture numbers increased significantly during the time that grey bats (Myotis grisescens) deposited fresh guano. We investigated the hypothesis that this behaviour was not incidental to the capture of invertebrate prey, but a diet switch to an energy-rich detritus in an oligotrophic environment. Stable isotope assays determined that guano may be assimilated into salamander muscle tissue, and nutritional analyses revealed that guano is a comparable food source to potential invertebrate prey items. This is the first report of coprophagy in a salamander and in any amphibian for reasons other than intestinal inoculation. Because many temperate subterranean environments are often energy poor and this limitation is thought to select for increased diet breadth, we predict that coprophagy may be common in subterranean vertebrates where it is not currently recognized.

Several sounds are produced by minnows. Only one is not of purely mechanical origin, and it is classed as a \"biological\" sound. This sound is variously produced by males when fighting and chasing as well as during courtship. Females emit a similar sound. Testosterone injections and elevated temperatures result in an increased rate of biological sound emission.

Aggressive communication between territory defenders and intruders in a glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens ) colony was analyzed using 453 aggressive interactions (strings) recorded on video tape. Special attention was given to the role of the intruder in each interaction. Based on these analyses, the display we named Slouch was described both posturally and functionally. It was concluded the chief differences between Upright and Slouch intruders was the degree of threat conveyed by each display to the territory defender. Intruders using Slouch were more site tenacious, they conveyed a greater level of threat than did Upright intruders, and consequently were able to remain longer in a territory.

Aggressive communication between territory defenders and intruders in a glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) colony was analyzed using 453 aggressive interactions (strings) recorded on video tape. Special attention was given to the role of the intruder in each interaction. Based on these analyses, the display we named Slouch was described both posturally and functionally. Slouch posture was used almost exclusively by intruders. Each string analyzed was placed in one of two categories, defined by intruder behavior. The category called \"Upright\" was characterized by intruders using only Upright postures. The second category, called \"Slouch\", was characterized by intruders that used both Upright and Slouch postures. Analyses were performed separately but identically on strings from each category. Conclusions were based on comparisons of results from the two categories. Interactions in both categories were initiated by an intruder entering a territory. Territory owners responded to intruder entry and effected intruder exit in a virtually identical fashion in both categories. This indicated differences between Slouch and Upright categories were derived from differences occurring during the interim between intruder entry and prior to intruder exit. The interim period in Slouch category interactions was temporally more protracted than in Upright category interactions. However, total behavior frequency was approximately equal in both categories. These data indicated pauses were occurring in the intermediate segments of the lengthier Slouch strings. Pauses during the interim corresponded with episodes of intruder Slouch and subsequent defender responses. Intruders used Slouch independent of preceding defender behaviors. Whereas the behaviors of territory defenders tended to be predictably associated with specific behaviors of Upright intruders, responses to intruders using Slouch were characterized by a variety of non-associated behaviors. This lack of predictability was judged to result from tenacious intruder adherence to Slouch regardless of defender response, and resulted in creating the long pauses in Slouch strings. This is a likely indicator of a more threatening intruder. Previous experimental work has shown that Upright intruders approaching a defender are responded to as being more threatening than those remaining stationary or moving away. An analysis of interactions in which both Upright intruders and those using Slouch approached the defender revealed almost identical defender responses. Furthermore, intruders using Slouch approached territory defenders more frequently than did Upright intruders, and responded classically less frequently to defender Mew-Choke display than did Upright intruders. Both characteristics are indicative of a higher level of tenacity (or threat) among intruders using Slouch. Differences observed in the two categories of strings were interpreted as being intruder specific, since these differences were based on the use or lack of use of Slouch display by intruders. Furthermore, the fact that territory defenders responded to initial entry of intruders in both categories in the same fashion was used to rule out differences as being defender specific. The observed differences appeared to result from a single factor-the seeming inability of territory owners to rapidly displace intruders using Slouch display. It was concluded the chief differences between Upright and Slouch intruders was the degree of threat conveyed by each display to the territory defender. Intruders using Slouch were more site tenacious, they conveyed a greater level of threat than did Upright intruders, and consequently were able to remain longer in a territory.

Like nature itself, modern economic life is driven by relentless competition and unbridled selfishness. Or is it? Drawing on converging evidence from neuroscience, social science, biology, law, and philosophy,Moral Marketsmakes the case that modern market exchange works only because most people, most of the time, act virtuously. Competition and greed are certainly part of economics, butMoral Marketsshows how the rules of market exchange have evolved to promote moral behavior and how exchange itself may make us more virtuous. Examining the biological basis of economic morality, tracing the connections between morality and markets, and exploring the profound implications of both,Moral Marketsprovides a surprising and fundamentally new view of economics--one that also reconnects the field to Adam Smith's position that morality has a biological basis.Moral Markets, the result of an extensive collaboration between leading social and natural scientists, includes contributions by neuroeconomist Paul Zak; economists Robert H. Frank, Herbert Gintis, Vernon Smith (winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in economics), and Bart Wilson; law professors Oliver Goodenough, Erin O'Hara, and Lynn Stout; philosophers William Casebeer and Robert Solomon; primatologists Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal; biologists Carl Bergstrom, Ben Kerr, and Peter Richerson; anthropologists Robert Boyd and Michael Lachmann; political scientists Elinor Ostrom and David Schwab; management professor Rakesh Khurana; computational science and informatics doctoral candidate Erik Kimbrough; and business writer Charles Handy.