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Changes in occupational injury mortality rates over the 1980s were examined through analysis of the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system. The US occupational injury mortality rate decreased 37% over the decade, with decreases seen in nearly every demographic and employment sector. Greater declines were among men, Blacks, and younger workers, as well as among agricultural, trade, and service workers. Electrocutions, machine-related incidents, and homicides showed the greatest decreases. Changes in occupational mortality rates by demography, industry, and cause of death indicate the areas in which the most progress has been made and those that are prime targets for prevention efforts.

OBJECTIVES: An updated version of a national surveillance system of traumatic occupational fatalities was used to explore adjusted and unadjusted trends in rates of fatal injury. METHODS: Data from the national traumatic occupational fatalities surveillance system were combined with data on employment from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Poisson regression was then used to examine trends in rates of occupational fatality injuries while controlling for demographic and workplace characteristics. RESULTS: Adjusted annual changes in rates of fatal injuries ranged from a decline of 6.2% for workers in technical and administrative support occupations--for example, health, science, and engineering technicians, pilots, computer programmers--to an increase of 1.6% in machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. For industries, annual changes ranged from a decline of 5.3% for workers in public administration--for example, justice, public order, and safety workers--to an increase of 2.6% for workers in the wholesale trade. By comparison, the annual decline over all industries and occupations was 3.1%. In many industries and occupations, an effect modification of annual trends by the age of the worker was also found with the oldest workers experiencing either no decline or a significant increase in rates of fatal injuries. CONCLUSIONS: This general pattern of decline, adjusted for the effects of demographic characteristics of the worker population, is encouraging; however, increases in rates of fatal injuries found in particular industries and occupations, suggest appropriate targets for increased injury prevention efforts.

Over 3700 occupational fatalities among all US construction laborers 16 years of age and older during 1980-1992 were analyzed from death certificates to identify differences in mortality rates, higher risk groups, and leading causes of death to be targeted for prevention and monitored over time. Female laborers had an average fatality rate (17.4 deaths/100,000 workers) similar to that for all male construction workers (17.3 deaths/100,000 workers), and ten times higher than for all female construction workers. On average, nonwhite laborers had 27% greater mortality than white laborers. Women were at a higher risk (10.8 deaths/100,000 workers) for motor vehicle injury than were men (6.1 deaths/100,000 workers). The smallest percentage annual decline in cause-specific mortality rates was from motor vehicle for construction laborers (0.1%) and all construction workers (1.4%). Environmentalrelated fatality rates for laborers rose an average of 0.8% annually. The average years of potential life lost (to age 65) ranged from 27.4 years from explosion to 34.3 years from electrocution. Prevention measures aimed at addressing the highest risk areas, along with research needs, are discussed. With over a quarter of construction fatalities occurring among laborers, occupational injury research on laborers should becom a priority.

Describes Pillow Talk as a ritual in which teachers talk in a relaxed and natural way with individual children in the preschool classroom as naptime begins. Suggests that daily one-to-one interaction with children can yield numerous insights about children's language and emotions and provide effective communication and rich language-learning experiences. (KB)

Through the Research to Practice initiative, which integrates NIOSH's strategic goals of knowledge generation and knowledge transfer, NIOSH'S translates research findings, technologies and information into prevention practices and products that can be adopted in the workplace. The ultimate goal is to provide research results to users in a manner and format most useful to them.

NIOSH'S OVERALL GOAL is to prevent illnesses, injuries and fatalities caused by hazards on the job. Through its Research to Practice (r2p) initiative, which integrates the agency's strategic goals of knowledge generation and knowledge transfer, NIOSH translates research findings, technologies and information into highly effective prevention practices and products that can be adopted in the workplace. The two basic tenets of r2p are relevance and impact. They are accomplished by involving partners and stakeholders throughout the research process- conceiving, planning, conducting, translating and evaluating research-and providing research results to users in a manner and format most useful to them. Effectively communicating and transferring workplace injury prevention research to practice depends on partnerships with organizations, associations and research institutions, including industry, manufacturers, policy makers, employers and workers themselves. To successfully translate research to practice, researchers must identify and involve the appropriate recipients from the conceptual phase of the study in order to ensure the relevance of the research and to enable workplace implementation of research results for injury prevention. Through active partnerships with stakeholders, NIOSH focuses research on the most critical occupational safety and health issues; develops useful products; translates research findings into practice; targets dissemination efforts; and evaluates and demonstrates the effectiveness of these efforts in positively affecting worker safety and health. This article describes roles and methods for transferring occupational safety research to practice and provides examples of successful strategies used by NIOSH. Overview of Strategies Many different entities have the ability to-and responsibility to-translate and transfer workplace injury prevention research to practice. Only recently, however, has the scientific occupational injury prevention community recognized that researchers also must take responsibility for ensuring that the results of their research are transferred to or toward workplace application. It is no longer sufficient to accept publication of results in scientific literature as the sole endpoint of researchers' responsibility. Every research effort-from surveillance and basic laboratory research to field and evaluation studies- must have at least one recipient who will carry out the next step in moving the knowledge or technology toward workplace implementation. There are various types of r2p recipients as well as methods for researchers to facilitate the transfer of research results to practice. Examples include: those who translate scientific information into worker-friendly guidance or training materials; manufacturers who develop and market safety technologies; regulators and employers who promulgate new safety policy; consensus standards bodies that develop or modify guidelines and voluntary standards; trade and labor organizations that promote new safety and health practices; and companies that implement new technologies, processes and practices to prevent injuries among their workforce. The following examples illustrate the roles and methods of transferring research to practice. Translating Scientific Information into Safety Training Materials The NIOSH Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program identifies prevention strategies based on in-depth investigations of selected types of deaths. Each investigation results in a report that describes the incident and includes recommendations for prevention of similar fatalities. NIOSH has finalized reports on more than 1,600 occupational fatality investigations and