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Intra-Seasonal circulation regimes are identified from a cluster analysis of 5-day mean anomaly fields of 850 hPa horizontal winds from the ERA-Interim reanalysis for the boreal summer season (June–Sept. for 1979–2018) over the region (50°–100° E; 5° S–35° N). The k-means method was applied to the leading 6 principal components yielding k clusters. The degree of clustering is significant compared to synthetic data sets for any value of k > 3 . The circulation is most likely to stay in the same cluster from one pentad to the next; significant transitions (with 95% confidence level) form a cycle. The similarity between the cycle depicted from 4 or 5 clusters and the active-break cycle, as well as the 45-day oscillation, is established by composites of 850 hPa winds, 200 hPa divergence, 500 hPa vorticity and vertical pressure velocity, precipitable water, diabatic heating and rainfall over India: Strong convection over the subtropical Indian Ocean moves to the central Bay of Bengal and central India, subsequently to the northern Bay of Bengal and west Bengal, and then further north into the Himalayas. We also find preferred transitions in which the convection moves equatorward from central India. The number of complete cycles found in 40 summers is 7 in the 4-cluster analysis. The number of times the system undergoes four (three) consecutive legs of the cycle is 16 (31). For 5 clusters only 3 complete cycles are found. sequences of five, four and three consecutive legs occur 10, 11 and 28 times, respectively.

Fast and slow Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) episodes have been identified from 850- and 200-hPa zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for 32 winters (16 October–17 March) 1980/81–2011/12. For 26 fast cases the OLR took no more than 10 days to propagate from phase 3 (convection over the Indian Ocean) to phase 6 (convection over the western Pacific). For 8 slow cases the propagation took at least 20 days. Fast episode composite anomalies of 500-hPa height (Z500) show a developing Rossby wave in the mid-Pacific with downstream propagation through MJO phases 2–4. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of the NAO+ weather regime are modest. This Rossby wave is forced by anomalous cooling over the Maritime Continent during phases 2 and 3 (seen in phase-independent wave activity flux). The upper-level anticyclonic response to phase-3 heating is a secondary source of wave activity. The Z500 slow episode composite response to MJO phases 1 and 2 is an enhanced Aleutian low followed by a North American continental high. Following phase 4 the development of an NAO+ like pattern is seen over the Atlantic, transitioning to a strong NAO− pattern by phase 8. A dramatic increase in frequency of the NAO+ weather regime follows phases 4 and 5, while a strong increase in NAO− regime follows phases 6 and 7. The responses to MJO-related heating and cooling over the Indian and western Pacific Oceans in phases 1–4 provide a source for wave activity propagating to North America, augmented by storm-track anomalies.

Intra-Seasonal circulation regimes are identified from a cluster analysis of 5-day mean anomaly fields of 850 hPa horizontal winds from the ERA-Interim reanalysis for the boreal summer season (June-Sept. for 1979-2018) over the region (50°-100° E; 5° S-35° N). The k-means method was applied to the leading 6 principal components yielding k clusters. The degree of clustering is significant compared to synthetic data sets for any value of [Formula omitted]. The circulation is most likely to stay in the same cluster from one pentad to the next; significant transitions (with 95% confidence level) form a cycle. The similarity between the cycle depicted from 4 or 5 clusters and the active-break cycle, as well as the 45-day oscillation, is established by composites of 850 hPa winds, 200 hPa divergence, 500 hPa vorticity and vertical pressure velocity, precipitable water, diabatic heating and rainfall over India: Strong convection over the subtropical Indian Ocean moves to the central Bay of Bengal and central India, subsequently to the northern Bay of Bengal and west Bengal, and then further north into the Himalayas. We also find preferred transitions in which the convection moves equatorward from central India. The number of complete cycles found in 40 summers is 7 in the 4-cluster analysis. The number of times the system undergoes four (three) consecutive legs of the cycle is 16 (31). For 5 clusters only 3 complete cycles are found. sequences of five, four and three consecutive legs occur 10, 11 and 28 times, respectively.

Saprolegniasis is an important disease in freshwater aquaculture, and is associated with oomycete pathogens in the genus Saprolegnia . Early detection of significant levels of Saprolegnia spp. pathogens would allow informed decisions for treatment which could significantly reduce losses. This study is the first to report the development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the detection of Saprolegnia spp. and compares it with quantitative PCR (qPCR). The developed protocols targeted the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and the cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CoxI) gene and was shown to be specific only to Saprolegnia genus. This LAMP method can detect as low as 10 fg of S . salmonis DNA while the qPCR method has a detection limit of 2 pg of S . salmonis DNA, indicating the superior sensitivity of LAMP compared to qPCR. When applied to detect the pathogen in water samples, both methods could detect the pathogen when only one zoospore of Saprolegnia was present. We propose LAMP as a quick (about 20–60 minutes) and sensitive molecular diagnostic tool for the detection of Saprolegnia spp. suitable for on-site applications.

The replacement of bleomycin with the immune drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin in the first-line chemotherapy regimen for advanced Hodgkin’s lymphoma prolonged both progression-free and overall survival.

This paper analyzes the relationships between the circulation regimes of the 500-hPa height (z500) and 250-hPa zonal winds (u250) in the Pacific–North America region during boreal winter, and the 45-day Northern Hemisphere oscillation in z500. The regimes were calculated using a k -means clustering applied to the leading 12 principal components of the combined z500–u250 anomaly fields. We divided the oscillation into eight arbitrary phases. The oscillation phase z500 composite maps are spatially well correlated with regime z500 composites: phases 1–2 are best correlated with the Arctic Low, phases 3–5 are best correlated with the Pacific Trough, phase 6 is best correlated with the Arctic High, and phases 7–8 are best correlated with the Alaskan Ridge. We found that these correlations are generally consistent with the regimes that tend to occur during the individual oscillation phases: the Arctic Low occurs above significance in phases 1–2, the Pacific Trough occurs above significance in phase 3, and Alaskan Ridge occurs above significance in phases 7–8. Therefore, the oscillation has a preferred order with respect to the regimes. The regime transitions indicate a pattern that moves through the Pacific Wavetrain, a regime that appears for k = 5 as a mean state. Transitions out of this regime into different regimes are preferred in different phases of the oscillation. These results imply a possible enhancement to regime prediction using the low-frequency oscillations in combination with regimes.

The risk associated with the presence of bacterial and fungal pathogens in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) has resulted in an industry‐wide need for low‐cost, safe, and effective disinfectants. The toxicity of peracetic acid (PAA) to Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) eggs, fry, and fingerlings (~16.3 g) in freshwater RAS water has been previously assessed; however, its toxicity to later juvenile life‐stages was yet to be investigated. The 24‐h LC50 value of PAA was determined for parr ( = 47 g), smolt ( = 66.5 g), and post‐smolt ( = 176.7 g) Atlantic salmon in RAS water static PAA treatments. The 24‐h LC50 values were calculated using the trimmed Spearman–Karber (TSK) method and toxicity relationship analysis program (TRAP). TRAP LC50 values for parr, smolt, and post‐smolt were 4.26, 4.27, and 4.78 mg/L PAA, respectively, while TSK LC50 values for parr, smolt, and post‐smolt were 4.27, 3.94, and 4.65 mg/L PAA, respectively. These 24‐h LC50 values provide novel guidance for developing safe PAA treatment protocols for Atlantic salmon parr, smolt, and post‐smolt in freshwater RAS, although the influence of varying water quality scenarios needs to be considered.

Subtropical anticyclones and midlatitude storm tracks are key components of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Focusing on the Southern Hemisphere, the seasonality of the three dominant subtropical anticyclones, situated over the South Pacific, South Atlantic, and south Indian Ocean basins, has a large influence on local weather and climate within South America, southern Africa, and Australia, respectively. Generally speaking, sea level pressure within the Southern Hemisphere subtropics reaches its seasonal maximum during the winter season when the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell is at its strongest. One exception to this is the seasonal evolution of the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone. While winter maxima are seen in the South Atlantic and south Indian subtropical anticyclones, the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone reaches its seasonal maximum during local spring with elevated values extending into summer. In this study, we investigate the hypothesis that the strength of the austral summer South Pacific subtropical anticyclone is largely due to heating over the South Pacific convergence zone. Using added-cooling and added-heating atmospheric general circulation model experiments to artificially change the strength of austral summer diabatic heating over the South Pacific convergence zone, our results show that increased heating, through increased upper-level divergence, triggers a Rossby wave train that extends into the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes. This propagating Rossby wave train creates a high and low sea level pressure pattern that projects onto the center of the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone to intensify its area and strength.