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Probiotics as an effective and safe strategy for controlling Salmonella infection are much sought after, while autophagy is a central issue in eliminating intracellular pathogens of intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, an animal model of colitis has been developed by infecting weaned pigs orally with a strain of Salmonella Infantis in order to illuminate the potential efficacy of a mixture of Lactobacillus and Bacillus (CBB-MIX) in the resistance to Salmonella infection by regulating butyrate-mediated autophagy. We found that CBB-MIX alleviated S . Infantis-induced colitis and tissue damage. Autophagy markers ATG5, Beclin-1, and the LC3-II/I ratio were significantly enhanced by S . Infantis infection, while treatment with CBB-MIX suppressed S . Infantis-induced autophagy. Additionally, S . Infantis-induced colonic microbial dysbiosis was restored by this treatment, which also preserved the abundance of the butyrate-producing bacteria and the butyrate concentration in the colon. A Caco-2 cell model of S . Infantis infection showed that butyrate had the same effect as the CBB-MIX in restraining S . Infantis-induced autophagy activation. Further, the intracellular S . Infantis load assay indicated that butyrate restricted the replication of cytosolic S . Infantis rather than that in Salmonella -containing vacuoles. Suppression of autophagy by knockdown of ATG5 also attenuated S . Infantis-induced cell injury. Moreover, hyper-replication of cytosolic S . Infantis in Caco-2 cells was significantly decreased when autophagy was inhibited. Our data demonstrated that Salmonella may benefit from autophagy for cytosolic replication and butyrate-mediated autophagy inhibition reduced the intracellular Salmonella load in pigs treated with a probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus and Bacillus.

To explore the clinical value of extending the culture time for accurately diagnosing hip or knee PJI. This retrospective study included 201 hip or knee PJI patients. All specimens were cultured using a standardized procedure. For all samples collected after January 2022, the extended culture period was 14 to 21 days. The detection accuracy and pathogen distribution of the standard culture duration (7 days) was compared with those extending. The overall culture positivity rate was 89.05% (179/201). The most common pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS, n=54) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA, n=26). Extending the culture duration did not significantly increase the culture positivity rate (89.05% vs. 89.06%, P=0.997), nor did it improve the infection control rate (89.05% vs. 85.94%, P=0.526). Further study revealed that extended results did not improve the diagnosis of PJI according to the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria in most patients with both positive standard and extended culture results (82.35%, 28/34). Four of the 5 patients with only positive extended culture results were diagnosed with PJI on the basis of a single positive culture result. Extending the culture time didn't significantly improve the clinical outcomes of PJI, rate of culture positivity or polymicrobial infection detection rate.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli is the causative agent of diarrhea in infants and animals worldwide. Many isolated strains recovered from pigs with postweaning diarrhea are multidrug resistance (MDR), and hybrids of E. coli are potentially more virulent, as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)/Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) hybrids. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing to analyze clinical isolates of the five colistin-resistant E. coli . The E. coli CAU15104, CAU15134, and CAU16060 belonged to ETEC/STEC hybrids, displaying the same serotype O3:H45 and sequence type ST4214. The E. coli CAU16175 and CAU16177 belonged to atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC), display O4:H11 and O103:H2, ST29, and ST20, respectively. The E. coli CAU16175 carries six plasmids. An IncHI2-type plasmid, pCAU16175_1, harbors an IS 26 -enriched MDR region, which includes 16 antimicrobial-resistant genes. An IncFII-type plasmid, pCAU16175_3, harbors mcr-1.1, tet (M), and bla TEM−1B, whereas mcr-1.1 is located within a Tn 2 derivative. Our findings indicate that the ETEC/STEC strains of the O3:H45 serotype as well as the aEPEC strains of the O4:H11 and O103:H2 serotypes are associated with postweaning diarrhea in swine and that some of diarrheagenic E. coli contains IS 26 -enriched MDR region and the mcr-1 gene located within a Tn 2 derivative on IncFII plasmid.

•The Erns, E2, or Erns-E2 protein vaccines containing MF59 and CPG-ODN being exploited.•Adjuvanted recombinant Erns-E2 protein vaccine producing higher antibody levels.•Adjuvanted recombinant Erns-E2 protein vaccine stimulating intense cellular immunity.•A subunit vaccine-adjuvant combination as a vaccine strategy to protect against BVDV. To obtain an effective vaccine candidate against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) disease which causes great economical loss in cattle industries, recombinant Erns-E2 protein vaccine containing MF59 and CPG-ODN adjuvants was prepared and assessed in this study. The recombinant plasmid (pET32a-Erns-E2) was constructed and transformed into BL21 (DE3) cells to produce Erns-E2 protein. We immunized mice with the MF59–and CPG-ODN–adjuvanted recombinant Erns-E2 protein, E2 protein, or Erns protein, respectively. To evaluate immunogenicity and efficacy of a vaccine-adjuvant combination, mice were challenged with BVDV BJ175170 strain after immunization. All adjuvanted vaccines elicited detectable humoral and cellular immune responses, the BVDV-specific antibody titers as well as interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels in sera of mice immunized with the recombinant Erns-E2 protein were higher than in those of mice immunized with either the recombinant Erns or E2 protein. Besides, immunization with the Erns-E2 vaccines induced higher percentage of CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells and CD3+TNF-α+ T cells compared with the other vaccines. More protective efficacy against BVDV infection was acquired in the mice treated with the recombinant Erns-E2 protein, as shown by a reduction of viremia and slight pathological changes compared with both the control mice and the other vaccinated mice. Our findings suggest that the use of the recombinant Erns-E2 protein vaccine formulated with MF59 and CPG-ODN adjuvants enhances T cell responses and viral control, which warrants the Erns-E2 protein vaccine-adjuvant combination could be as a vaccine strategy to against BVDV.

Highlights•The E rns, E2, or E rns-E2 protein vaccines containing MF59 and CPG-ODN being exploited. •Adjuvanted recombinant E rns-E2 protein vaccine producing higher antibody levels. •Adjuvanted recombinant E rns-E2 protein vaccine stimulating intense cellular immunity. •A subunit vaccine-adjuvant combination as a vaccine strategy to protect against BVDV.

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types, essentially with- out limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive, offering immense hope of curing Alzheimer＇s disease, repairing damaged spinal cords, treating kidney, liver and lung diseases and making damaged hearts whole. Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans： embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic ＂somatic＂ or ＂adult＂ stem cells. Recent breakthrough make it possible to convert or ＂reprogram＂ specialized adult cells to assume a stem stem-like cells with different technologies. The review will briefly dis- cuss the recent progresses in this area.

Maximizing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells that can exceed the Shockley-Queisser single-cell limit requires a high-performing, stable perovskite top cell with a wide bandgap. We developed a stable perovskite solar cell with a bandgap of ∼1.7 electron volts that retained more than 80% of its initial PCE of 20.7% after 1000 hours of continuous illumination. Anion engineering of phenethylammonium-based two-dimensional (2D) additives was critical for controlling the structural and electrical properties of the 2D passivation layers based on a lead iodide framework. The high PCE of 26.7% of a monolithic two-terminal wide-bandgap perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell was made possible by the ideal combination of spectral responses of the top and bottom cells.

Radiation-induced in situ tumor vaccination alone is very weak and insufficient to elicit robust antitumor immune responses. In this work, we address this issue by developing chiral vidarabine monophosphate-gadolinium nanowires (aAGd-NWs) through coordination-driven self-assembly. We elucidate the mechanism of aAGd-NW assembly and characterize their distinct features, which include a negative surface charge, ultrafine topography, and right-handed chirality. Additionally, aAGd-NWs not only enhance X-ray deposition but also inhibit DNA repair, thereby enhancing radiation-induced in situ vaccination. Consequently, the in situ vaccination induced by aAGd-NWs sensitizes radiation enhances CD8 + T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity and synergistically potentiates the efficacy immune checkpoint blockade therapies against both primary and metastatic tumors. The well-established aAGd-NWs exhibit exceptional therapeutic capacity and biocompatibility, offering a promising avenue for the development of radioimmunotherapy approaches. Radiation-induced tumor vaccination is insufficient to elicit robust antitumor immune response. Here they combine chiral vidarabine monophosphate-gadolinium nanowires with immune checkpoint blockade therapy to synergistically induce antitumor immunity. Reviewer recognition:

Background Kawasaki disease (KD) is a common pediatric disease that readily affects the coronary arteries and can progress to form coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). This study aimed to explore the relationship between thromboelastography MA and CAA and to ascertain whether thromboelastography MA could act as a predictor of CAA in KD patients. Methods A total of 243 consecutive KD patients from January 2020 to December 2022 were included in this study. Differences in baseline characteristics were compared through analysis, and subsequent multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for CAA in KD patients. Results Among the 243 KD patients, 107 were female and 136 were male, with a median age of 23 months. Differential analysis indicated that the R, K, α, gender, WBC, HB, PLT and NLR were not significantly different, but the MA, age, IVIG resistance, CRP and albumin were significantly different between the KD-CAA and the KD-NCAA groups. Subsequent multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (Adjusted OR 0.988; 95% CI, 0.977–0.999; P  = 0.039), albumin (Adjusted OR 0.902; 95% CI, 0.852–0.956; P  < 0.001) and MA (Adjusted OR 1.846; 95% CI, 1.069–3.187; P  = 0.028) were independently associated with CAA in KD patients. Conclusion Thromboelastography MA is closely related to CAA and may be a predictor of CAA in KD patients.

The establishment of symbiotic interactions between leguminous plants and rhizobia requires complex cellular programming activated by Rhizobium Nod factors (NFs) as well as type III effector (T3E)-mediated symbiotic signaling. However, the mechanisms by which different signals jointly affect symbiosis are still unclear. Here we describe the mechanisms mediating the cross-talk between the broad host range rhizobia Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 T3E Nodulation Outer Protein L (NopL) effector and NF signaling in soybean. NopL physically interacts with the Glycine max Remorin 1a (GmREM1a) and the NFs receptor NFR5 (GmNFR5) and promotes GmNFR5 recruitment by GmREM1a. Furthermore, NopL and NF influence the expression of GmRINRK1, a receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) ortholog of the Lotus RINRK1, that mediates NF signaling. Taken together, our work indicates that S. fredii NopL can interact with the NF signaling cascade components to promote the symbiotic interaction in soybean.This study showed that the type III effector NopL can interact with the Nod factor receptor GmNFR5, and the existence of NopL can promote GmREM1 interacts with GmNFR5, which demonstrates a signaling pathway underlying the symbiosis establishment in soybean.