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How to continuously motivate college students to participate in voluntary activities has always been one of the burning issues in the field of educational psychology research. Based on the activation theory, this study constructed and tested a moderated mediation model to explore how to improve college students’ volunteer service motivation and behavior from the perspective of agreeableness traits and examined the moderating role of social support. By collecting three-wave time lagged data from 408 Chinese college students (59.6% female, age 18–22, means = 19.8, SD = 1.2), SPSS and Amos software were used to test the research hypotheses and the whole model. The results show that agreeableness traits of college students have a significant positive influence on their volunteer service motivation and behaviors. Volunteer service motivation mediates the positive influence of agreeableness traits on volunteer service behaviors. The social support perceived by college students positively moderates the impact of agreeableness traits on their volunteer service motivation and then promotes their volunteer service behaviors. These findings not only enrich the research literature on college students’ personality traits, volunteer service, and social support, but also provide some suggestions on how to motivate college students to participate in volunteer service from the three aspects of personality, motivation, and social support.

During the construction of TBM tunnels, a substantial quantity of rock debris is generated, leading to significant land occupation and environmental pollution. Recycling rock debris into construction materials and other resources emerges as a viable solution to these problems. To realize the continuous classified storage and disposal of tunnel rock debris, this research explores the four-level processing network, establishes an objective function for evaluating the recycling value of tunnel rock debris during TBM tunneling, and grades the recycling value by calculating the weight and similarity of their performance indicators (uniaxial compressive strength, content of acicular and flattened particles, mud content, and crushing index) through the TOPSIS method. Through correlation and weight analysis, we identify five key characteristics, i.e. cutterhead torque, tool penetration, cutterhead thrust, advancing rate, and support shoe pump pressure, to conduct real-time perception of the recycling value level of rock debris. Leveraging a comprehensive database that encompasses both tunnel rock debris performance indicators and TBM tunneling parameters, perception models are constructed using different machine learning algorithms. After Bayesian hyperparameter optimization, the perception models based on CART, SVM, KNN, and ANN demonstrate accuracies of 67.5%, 80.0%, 82.5%, and 83.8% respectively. Notably, the hyperparameter optimization significantly enhances the accuracy of the ANN perception model. When applying the optimized ANN-based rock debris recycling value grade perception model to TBM tunnel engineering, the tested perception accuracy rate stands at 83.3%, demonstrating its effectiveness and potential for practical applications. This approach provides valuable guidance for the graded storage and efficient recycling of tunnel rock debris and helps to alleviate the pollution problem.

Sika deer (Cervus nippon), a species mainly distributed in the northeast of Asia, hold significant economic value in China due to their contributions to traditional Chinese medicine. A systematic investigation of their genetic structure is needed for population management. In this study, mitochondrial genome and AMELY, DBY, USP9Y, and SRY gene fragments on Y chromosome were used to elucidate the genetic structure of 303 individuals across 8 distinct populations. The mitosome analysis identified 72 haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.917 and nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.0143, respectively. Meanwhile, 13 haplotypes were defined by Y chromosome genes with a Hd of 0.791. Analysis of the mitochondrial control region (CR) revealed subspecies-specific patterns of tandem repeat unit organization between continental and Japanese groups. Y chromosome analyses demonstrated a homogeneous paternal lineage across Japanese populations.

Academic supervisors plays a significant role in the cultivation of postgraduate students, but little is known about how academic supervisor feedback affects their creativity. This study hypothesizes and tests a moderated mediation model to explore how and when academic supervisor developmental feedback (ASDF) affects postgraduate student creativity (PSC), including the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation and the moderating effect of creative self-efficacy. After collecting three-wave time-lagged data from 374 postgraduate students and their academic supervisors, SPSS and Amos software were used to test the research hypotheses and the whole model. The results show that ASDF is positively related to intrinsic motivation and PSC. Intrinsic motivation not only has a positive effect on PSC, but it also plays a mediating role in the relationship between ASDF and PSC. Creative self-efficacy plays a moderating role in the relationships between ASDF, intrinsic motivation, and PSC, that is, ASDF can cause postgraduate students with high creative self-efficacy to develop higher levels of intrinsic motivation than those with low creative self-efficacy, which ultimately leads to more PSC. These findings not only enrich the literature on feedback, motivation, and creativity research in the field of education, but also provide some suggestions for promoting PSC from the perspective of universities, academic supervisors, and postgraduate students.

Performance appraisal, as a powerful tool for human resource management, has become an important driving force for organizations to achieve sustainability. However, only when employees believe that a performance appraisal is fair can an organization’s performance appraisal truly work and have a positive impact on employees. Hence, based on social exchange theory and social identity theory, we theorized and validated a dual path model to explore the influence of performance appraisal justice on employee job performance through work engagement and organizational identification. Survey data from 404 Chinese employees and their direct supervisors in high-tech enterprises were analyzed using multiple regression and structural equation modeling. Results indicate that performance appraisal justice of employees has a positive impact on their work engagement, organizational identification, and job performance. In addition, both work engagement and organizational identification of employees partly mediated the relationship between performance appraisal justice and their job performance. Our conclusions mean that when employees perceive justice in organizational performance appraisals, they will actively engage in their daily work and truly identify with their organizations, thus improving job performance, which is conducive to the sustainable development of organizations. The limitations and implications for future research and practice are also discussed.

As the implementers of government policies, junior civil servants bear the responsibility of providing services to the public. Whether they can put themselves in the people’s shoes and show more active service consciousness directly reflects the government’s management ability and the realization of service-oriented government goals. Although proactive service behavior has been studied, it has not been brought into the field of government administration. Hence, from the perspective of servant leadership, this study attempts to introduce proactive service behavior (PSB) into the field of government administration, and discusses the promotion strategies of junior civil servants’ PSB in China. Through the statistical analysis of 416 junior civil servants collected in the two stages, this study verifies that servant leadership has a significant positive impact on public service motivation and PSB of junior civil servants. Public service motivation (PSM) can partially mediate the promotion effect of servant leadership on junior civil servants’ PSB. Role identity can positively moderate the relationship between servant leadership and junior civil servants’ PSM, and then affect their PSB. Therefore, this study suggests that leading cadres should integrate servant leadership into daily life, take the lead in providing quality services to their subordinates, and then inspire more proactive service to the masses.

Although Cervus elaphus (Linnaeus, 1758) has been well studied, the subspecific taxonomy of Cervus canadensis populations in Qinghai and Gansu, China, is still controversial, and the mitochondrial characteristics of Cervus elaphus (Linnaeus, 1758) remain incompletely understood. We assembled 89 mitogenomes of C. canadensis from five geographical populations across Qinghai and Gansu. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the 89 individuals are taxonomically classified as C. c. kansuensis. Nucleotide compositions showed a higher abundance of adenine and cytosine compared to guanine and thymine in both complete mitogenomes and mitochondrial PCGs. Codon usage analysis revealed a strong preference towards A-ending codons (68.04% of over-represented codons, RSCU > 1.6) in mitochondrial PCGs, with systemic avoidance of G-ending codons (53.30% of unused codons, RSCU = 0). The CAMs of 13 PCGs are reported for the first time. Furthermore, the ENC plot showed that the codon usage of all PCGs was biased except for gene ATP8. The PR2 bias plot showed that gene ND6 exhibited bias towards T3 and G3, whereas the other genes preferred A3 and C3. Both the ENC-plot and PR2 bias plot suggested that natural selection played an important role in the forces driving codon usage bias in mitochondrial PCGs. Our results demonstrate the subspecific status of C. canadensis distributed in Qinghai and Gansu as C. c. kansuensis, and provide insights into the mitochondrial characteristics of C. c. kansuensis. The mitogenome sequences assembled in this study provide valuable data for further understanding of the Cervus elaphus (Linnaeus, 1758) mitogenome.

Background Population genomic analysis can reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship and demographic history, and identify genomic selective signatures of a species. To date, fundamental aspects of population genomic analyses, such as intraspecies taxonomy, evolutionary history, and adaptive evolution, of sika deer have not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, accumulating lines of evidences have illustrated that incorrect species delimitation will mislead conservation decisions, and even lead to irreversible mistakes in threatened species. Results In this study, we resequenced 81 wild and 71 domesticated sika deer representing 10 main geographic populations and two farms to clarify the species delimitation, demographic and divergence histories, and adaptive evolution of this species. First, our analyses of whole genomes, Y chromosomes and mitochondrial genomes revealed substantial genetic differentiation between the continental and Japanese lineages of sika deer, representing two phylogenetically distinct species. Second, sika deer in Japan were inferred to have experienced a “divergence-mixing-isolation” evolutionary scenario. Third, we identified four candidate genes ( XKR4 , NPAS3 , CTNNA3 , and CNTNAP5 ) possibly involved in body size regulation of sika deer by selective sweep analysis. Furthermore, we also detected two candidate genes ( NRP2 and EDIL3 ) that may be associated with an important economic trait (antler weight) were under selection during the process of domestication. Conclusion Population genomic analyses revealed that the continental and Japanese lineages represent distinct phylogenetic species. Moreover, our results provide insights into the genetic selection signatures related to body size differences and a valuable genomic resource for future genetic studies and genomics-informed breeding of sika deer.

The rock chip information (shape, size, and particle size distribution) could comprehensively reflect the characteristics of rock mass and rock-breaking efficiency of TBM. This study is aimed at defining a novel index (effective rock-breaking ratio, Pr) to identify the rock-breaking efficiency of TBM based on the rock chip information. To evaluate this approach, a series of field sieving and measuring tests of rock chips was conducted at the water conveyance tunnel construction projects of China. The rock-breaking efficiency evaluation and tunneling parameter improvement of TBM were researched based on Pr index. The results showed as follows: (1) from the perspective of energy conversion, the rock chip surface area was calculated through the rock chip cumulative volume distribution model. Pr is used to evaluate the rock-breaking efficiency of TBM based on the proportion of surface area of rock chips with particle size larger than 5 mm; (2) Pr has a good linear correlation with coarseness index (CI) and specific energy (SE), the higher the TBM tunneling efficiency, the larger Pr and CI values, the less SE values; (3) Pr increases at first and then decreases with the rise of thrust force of TBM. The optimal thrust force intervals for grade II and III surrounding rocks can be determined to improve the rock-breaking efficiency of TBM. Findings from this study are insightful in terms of accurately evaluating the excavation efficiency and improving the tunneling parameters of TBM.

Background Previous investigations of phylogeny in Cervus recovered many clades without whole genomic support. Methods In this study, the genetic diversity and phylogeny of 5 species (21 subspecies/populations from C. unicolor , C. albirostris , C. nippon , C. elaphus and C. eldii ) in the genus Cervus were analyzed using reduced-representation genome sequencing. Results A total of 197,543 SNPs were identified with an average sequencing depth of 16 x. A total of 21 SNP matrices for each subspecies/population and 1 matrix for individual analysis were constructed, respectively. Nucleotide diversity and heterozygosity analysis showed that all 21 subspecies/populations had different degrees of genetic diversity. C. eldii , C. unicolor and C. albirostris showed relatively high expected and observed heterozygosity, while observed heterozygosity in C. nippon was the lowest, indicating there was a certain degree of inbreeding rate in these subspecies/populations. Phylogenetic ML tree of all Cervus based on the 21 SNP matrices showed 5 robustly supported clades that clearly separate C. eldii , C. unicolor , C. albirostris , C. elaphus and C. nippon . Within C. elaphus clade, 4 subclades were well differentiated and statistically highly supported: C. elaphus (New Zealand), C. e. yarkandensis , C. c. canadensis and the other grouping the rest of C. canadensis from China. In the C. nippon clade, 2 well-distinct subclades corresponding to C. n. aplodontus and other C. nippon populations were separated. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the first evolutionary event of the genus Cervus occurred approximately 7.4 millions of years ago. The split between C. elaphus and C. nippon could be estimated at around 3.6 millions of years ago. Phylogenetic ML tree of all samples based on individual SNP matrices, together with geographic distribution, have shown that there were 3 major subclades of C. elaphus and C. canadensis in China, namely C. e. yarkandensis (distributed in Tarim Basin), C. c. macneilli/C. c. kansuensis / C. c. alashanicus (distributed in middle west of China), and C. c. songaricus / C. c. sibiricus (distributed in northwest of China). Among them, C. e. yarkandensis was molecularly the most primitive subclade, with a differentiation dating back to 0.8–2.2 Myr ago. D statistical analysis showed that there was high probability of interspecific gene exchange between C. albirostris and C. eldii , C. albirostris and C. unicolor , C. nippon and C. unicolor , and there might be 2 migration events among 5 species in the genus Cervus . Conclusions Our results provided new insight to the genetic diversity and phylogeny of Cervus deer. In view of the current status of these populations, their conservation category will need to be reassessed.