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نظرة تحليلية لفن الخط الصيني
يتميز كتاب \"نظرة تحليلية لفن الخط الصيني\" بتعمقه في تناول مصطلح الخط بدءا بمفهومه ثم تطوره، وتجسيده، وأسلوبه، انتهاء بالسمات العصرية لجماليات فن الخط،. حيث يتناول الكتاب الرموز الصينية من حيث تطورها وخصائصها، بدءا من نقشها على العظام ودروع السلاحف، ثم النقوش البرونزية، وخطوط الأختام، والنقوش على الجبال، مصحوبا بصور لوحات المخطوطات الصينية القديمة. ويفرد الكتاب بحثا حول كيفية الاستمتاع بفن الخط، عن طريق الصراع والتناقض بين الوعي الجمالي للعامة والوعي الجمالي للخبراء.
Book
Viologen-Based Electrochromic Materials: From Small Molecules, Polymers and Composites to Their Applications
Organic materials have gained considerable attention for electrochromic (EC) applications owing to improved EC performance and good processability. As a class of well-recognized organic EC materials, viologens have received persistent attention due to the structural versatility and property tunability, and are major active EC components for most of the marketed EC devices. Over the past two decades, extensive efforts have been made to design and synthesize different types of viologen-based materials with enhanced EC properties. This review summarizes chemical structures, preparation and EC properties of various latest viologen-based electrochromes, including small viologen derivatives, main-chain viologen-based polymers, conjugated polymers with viologen side-chains and viologen-based organic/inorganic composites. The performance enhancement mechanisms are concisely discussed. The current marketed viologens-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) are briefly introduced and an outlook on the challenges and future exploration directions for viologen-based materials and their ECDs are also proposed.
Journal Article
Brain cannabinoid receptor 2： expression, function and modulation
Cannabis sativa （marijuana） is a fibrous flowering plant that produces an abundant variety of molecules, some with psychoactive effects. At least 4% of the world＇s adult population uses cannabis annually, making it one of the most frequently used illicit drugs in the world. The psychoactive effects of cannabis are mediated primarily through cannabinoid receptor （CBR） subtypes. The prevailing view is that CB~Rs are mainly expressed in the central neurons, whereas CB2Rs are predominantly expressed in peripheral immune cells. However, this traditional view has been challenged by emerging strong evidence that shows CB2Rs are moderately expressed and function in specific brain areas. New evidence has demonstrated that brain CB2Rs modulate animal drug-seeking behaviors, suggesting that these receptors may exist in brain regions that regulate drug addiction. Recently, we further confirmed that functiona CB2Rs are expressed in mouse ventral tegmental area （VTA） dopamine （DA） neurons and that the activation of VTA CB2Rs reduces neuronal excitability and cocaine-seeking behavior. In addition, CB2R-mediated modulation of hippocampal CA3 neuronal excitability and network synchronization has been reported. Here, we briefly summarize recent lines of evidence showing how CB2Rs modulate function and pathophysiology in the CNS.
Journal Article
TCR Repertoire as a Novel Indicator for Immune Monitoring and Prognosis Assessment of Patients With Cervical Cancer
There is increasing evidence that deep sequencing-based T cell repertoire can sever as a biomarker of immune response in cancer patients; however, the characteristics of T cell repertoire including diversity and similarity, as well as its prognostic significance in patients with cervical cancer (CC) remain unknown. In this study, we applied a high throughput T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing method to characterize the T cell repertoires of peripheral blood samples from 25 CC patients, 30 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients and 20 healthy women for understanding the immune alterations during the cervix carcinogenesis. In addition, we also explored the signatures of TCR repertoires in the cervical tumor tissues and paired sentinel lymph nodes from 16 CC patients and their potential value in predicting the prognosis of patients. Our results revealed that the diversity of circulating TCR repertoire gradually decreased during the cervix carcinogenesis and progression, but the circulating TCR repertoires in CC patients were more similar to CIN patients than healthy women. Interestingly, several clonotypes uniquely detected in CC patients tended to share similar CDR3 motifs, which differed from those observed in CIN patients. In addition, the TCR repertoire diversity in sentinel lymphatic nodes from CC patients was higher than in tumor tissues. More importantly, less clonotypes in TCR repertoire of sentinel lymphatic node was associated with the poor prognosis of the patients. Overall, our findings suggested that TCR repertoire might be a potential indicator of immune monitoring and a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of CC patients. Although functional studies of T cell populations are clearly required, this study have expanded our understanding of T cell immunity during the development of CC and provided an experimental basis for further studies on its pathogenesis and immunotherapy.
Journal Article
The noncoding RNAs SNORD50A and SNORD50B-mediated TRIM21-GMPS interaction promotes the growth of p53 wild-type breast cancers by degrading p53
Small nucleolar RNA SNORD50A and SNORD50B (SNORD50A/B) has been reported to be recurrently deleted and function as a putative tumor suppressor in different types of cancer by binding to and suppressing the activity of the KRAS oncoproteins. Its deletion correlates with poorer patient survival. However, in this study, we surprisingly found that SNORD50A/B loss predicted a better survival in breast cancer patients carrying wild-type p53. Functional studies showed that SNORD50A/B deletion strongly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenic potential, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in p53 wild-type breast cancer cells, while exerted the opposite effects in p53 mutated breast cancer cells. This was also supported by ectopically expressing SNORD50A/B in both p53 wild-type and mutated breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, SNORD50A/B clearly enhances the interaction between E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 and its substrate GMPS by forming a complex among them, thereby promoting GMPS ubiquitination and its subsequent cytoplasmic sequestration. SNORD50A/B deletion in p53 wild-type breast cancer cells will release GMPS and induce the translocation of GMPS into the nucleus, where GMPS can recruit USP7 and form a complex with p53, thereby decreasing p53 ubiquitination, stabilizing p53 proteins, and inhibiting malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. Altogether, the present study first reports that SNORD50A/B plays an oncogenic role in p53 wild-type breast cancers by mediating TRIM21-GMPS interaction.
Journal Article
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and acute bronchitis in children: season and age as modifiers
BackgroundAcute bronchitis (AB) is one of the principal causes of childhood morbidity. Increasing number of studies has shown that air pollution is an important environmental contributor of respiratory disease. However, evidence so far is scarce regarding the effects of air pollution on childhood AB, and it also remains unclear how the risk of AB will change by season and age.MethodsData on hospital visits for AB in children, air pollution and meteorological factors from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016 were collected in Hefei, China. Time-series analysis was applied to assess the short-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on childhood AB outpatient visits. A Poisson generalised linear regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to estimate the relationships, controlling for long-term trends, seasonal patterns, meteorological factors and other possible confounders.ResultsWe found that an IQR increase in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter <2.5 µm and carbon monoxide significantly increased the daily hospital visits for childhood AB with 4-day cumulative effect estimates (relative risks: 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05; 1.09, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.11; 1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.09). Notably, the risk estimates during the cold season are pronounced; however, no significant association was observed during the warm season. Interestingly, children aged 6–14 years were more vulnerable to air pollutants than children aged less than 1 year and within 1–5 years. However, no gender difference was observed.ConclusionA significant association of traffic-related air pollution and increased department visits for childhood AB was observed, notably in school-age children and during the cold season.
Journal Article
Associations between expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme and inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive Schizophrenia
The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the tryptophan degradation pathway in which dysfunction of neuroactive metabolites has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Inflammatory molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines could enhance the activity of IDO. There are few studies on the expression of IDO levels and its correlation with levels of inflammatory cytokines in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. One hundred inpatients (female = 33, male = 67) with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia entered a 6-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. All individuals were assigned celecoxib or placebo combined with risperidone. Serum levels of IDO and six inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α IL-17, IL-4, and INF-γ) were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the severity of psychotic symptoms. Compared to healthy subjects, patients had significantly elevated levels of IDO and six cytokines at baseline. Over the 6-week treatment period, the decrease in the levels of IDO and TNF-α and the improvement in the PANSS total score, positive scores, and negative scores in the celecoxib group were significantly greater than in the placebo group. There was a significantly positive correlation between IDO levels and the PANSS negative scores and between IDO levels and TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in the celecoxib group. These findings showed abnormal expression of IDO levels which correlated with negative symptoms and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia, suggesting the important role of IDO in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. Registration number: ChiCTR2000041403.
Journal Article
BMP‐9‐induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors requires functional canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP‐9) is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β/BMP superfamily, and we have demonstrated that it is one of the most potent BMPs to induce osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Here, we sought to investigate if canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling plays an important role in BMP‐9‐induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Wnt3A and BMP‐9 enhanced each other’s ability to induce alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in MSCs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Wnt antagonist FrzB was shown to inhibit BMP‐9‐induced ALP activity more effectively than Dkk1, whereas a secreted form of LPR‐5 or low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein (LRP)‐6 exerted no inhibitory effect on BMP‐9‐induced ALP activity. β‐Catenin knockdown in MSCs and MEFs diminished BMP‐9‐induced ALP activity, and led to a decrease in BMP‐9‐induced osteocalcin reporter activity and BMP‐9‐induced expression of late osteogenic markers. Furthermore, β‐catenin knockdown or FrzB overexpression inhibited BMP‐9‐induced mineralization in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo, resulting in immature osteogenesis and the formation of chondrogenic matrix. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis indicated that BMP‐9 induced recruitment of both Runx2 and β‐catenin to the osteocalcin promoter. Thus, we have demonstrated that canonical Wnt signalling, possibly through interactions between β‐catenin and Runx2, plays an important role in BMP‐9‐induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
Journal Article
Monitoring leaf potassium content using hyperspectral vegetation indices in rice leaves
Potassium (K) is one of three main crop nutrients, and the high rate of potash fertilizer utilization (second only to nitrogen) leads to high prices. Therefore, efficient application, as well as rapid and time monitoring of K in crops is essential. Several turnover box and field experiments were conducted across multiple years and cultivation factors (i.e., potassium levels and plant varieties) yielding 340 groups of leaf samples with different K contents; these samples were used to examine the relationship between reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm) and leaf K content (LKC). The correlation between LKC and the two-band spectral indices computed with random two bands from 350 to 2500 nm were determined for the published K vegetation indices in rice. Results showed that the spectral reflectance, R, of the shortwave infrared (1300–2000 nm) region was sensitive to the K levels and significantly correlated with rice LKC. New shortwave infrared two-band spectral indices, Normalized difference spectral index [NDSI (R1705, R1385)], Ratio spectral index [RSI (R1385, R1705)], and Difference spectral index [DSI (R1705, R1385)], showed good correlations with LKC (R2 up to 0.68). Moreover, the three-band spectral indices (R1705 − R700)/(R1385 − R700) and (R1705 − R1385)/(R1705 + R1385 − 2 × R704) were developed by adding red edge bands to improve accuracy. Three-band spectral indices had an improved prediction accuracy for rice LKC (R2 up to 0.74). However, several previously published K-sensitive vegetation indices did not yield good results in this study. Validation with independent samples showed that the indices (R1705 − R700)/(R1385 − R700) and (R1705 − R1385)/(R1705 + R1385 − 2 × R704) had higher accuracies and stabilities than two-band indices and are suitable for quantitatively estimating rice LKC. The widescale application of these proposed vegetation indices in this paper still needs to be verified in different environmental conditions. This study provides a technical basis for LKC monitoring using spectral remote sensing in rice.
Journal Article
Morphological and molecular taxonomy of novel species Pleurotheciaceae from freshwater habitats in Yunnan, China
The diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi of the Greater Mekong Subregion are currently being studied. In this paper, 18 fresh collections of Pleurotheciaceae from submerged wood in freshwater are characterized based on morphological characters and analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. Six new species of Pleurotheciella (P. aquatica, P. fusiformis, P. guttulata, P. lunata, P. saprophytica, P. submersa), one new Phaeoisaria species (Ph. aquatica) and one new Pleurothecium species (Pl. aquaticum) are introduced based on their distinct morphology and evidence from molecular phylogeny. Pleurotheciella uniseptata, Phaeoisaria clematidis and Pleurothecium pulneyense are also redescribed and phylogenetic relationships assessed herein, these species are the first records for China.
Journal Article