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"Su, Ying"
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Making sense of cilia: The role of intraflagellar transport
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for both ciliary structure and function. A new study in PLOS Biology reveals how IFT-mediated trafficking and ciliary morphology differentially influence chemosensory responses between neuronal types and among co-expressed receptors.
Journal Article
A five-compartment model of age-specific transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2
Background
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, also called 2019-nCoV) causes different morbidity risks to individuals in different age groups. This study attempts to quantify the age-specific transmissibility using a mathematical model.
Methods
An epidemiological model with five compartments (susceptible–exposed–symptomatic–asymptomatic–recovered/removed [SEIAR]) was developed based on observed transmission features. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases were divided into four age groups: group 1, those ≤ 14 years old; group 2, those 15 to 44 years old; group 3, those 45 to 64 years old; and group 4, those ≥ 65 years old. The model was initially based on cases (including imported cases and secondary cases) collected in Hunan Province from January 5 to February 19, 2020. Another dataset, from Jilin Province, was used to test the model.
Results
The age-specific SEIAR model fitted the data well in each age group (
P
< 0.001). In Hunan Province, the highest transmissibility was from age group 4 to 3 (median:
β
43
= 7.71 × 10
− 9
;
SAR
43
= 3.86 × 10
− 8
), followed by group 3 to 4 (median:
β
34
= 3.07 × 10
− 9
;
SAR
34
= 1.53 × 10
− 8
), group 2 to 2 (median:
β
22
= 1.24 × 10
− 9
;
SAR
22
= 6.21 × 10
− 9
), and group 3 to 1 (median:
β
31
= 4.10 × 10
− 10
;
SAR
31
= 2.08 × 10
− 9
). The lowest transmissibility was from age group 3 to 3 (median:
β
33
= 1.64 × 10
− 19
;
SAR
33
= 8.19 × 10
− 19
), followed by group 4 to 4 (median:
β
44
= 3.66 × 10
− 17
;
SAR
44
= 1.83 × 10
− 16
), group 3 to 2 (median:
β
32
= 1.21 × 10
− 16
;
SAR
32
= 6.06 × 10
− 16
), and group 1 to 4 (median:
β
14
= 7.20 × 10
− 14
;
SAR
14
= 3.60 × 10
− 13
). In Jilin Province, the highest transmissibility occurred from age group 4 to 4 (median:
β
43
= 4.27 × 10
− 8
;
SAR
43
= 2.13 × 10
− 7
), followed by group 3 to 4 (median:
β
34
= 1.81 × 10
− 8
;
SAR
34
= 9.03 × 10
− 8
).
Conclusions
SARS-CoV-2 exhibits high transmissibility between middle-aged (45 to 64 years old) and elderly (≥ 65 years old) people. Children (≤ 14 years old) have very low susceptibility to COVID-19. This study will improve our understanding of the transmission feature of SARS-CoV-2 in different age groups and suggest the most prevention measures should be applied to middle-aged and elderly people.
Journal Article
Trans-cranial Doppler predicts early neurologic deterioration in anterior circulation ischemic stroke after successful endovascular treatment
Early neurologic deterioration (END) may occur in patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke (ACIS) after receiving endovascular treatment (EVT). Hemodynamic insufficiency, re-occlusion, and post-re-canalization hyper-perfusion are likely to play a critical role in END. We hypothesized that hemodynamic changes can predict END in patients with ACIS post-successful EVT using trans-cranial Doppler (TCD).
We utilized a prospectively maintained database of ACIS patients treated with EVT between September 2016 and June 2018 in the Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. TCD parameters including peak systolic velocity (PSV), bilateral mean flow velocity (MFV), and pulse index (PI) were determined via the middle cerebral arteries within 72 h post-EVT. A logistic regression model was applied to detect independent predictors for END.
Totally, 112 EVT patients were included in this study and 80/112 patients experienced successful re-canalization with <50% residual stenosis, while 17/80 (21.3%) patients suffered END, for which vasogenic cerebral edema (11/17) was considered as a leading role and followed by symptomatic intra-cranial hemorrhage (4/17) and ischemia progression (2/17). For the 80 patients, the PSV (median: 127 cm/s vs. 116 cm/s, P = 0.039), the ratio of ipsilateral-MFV/contra-lateral-MFV (iMFV/cMFV) (median: 1.29 vs. 1.02, P = 0.036) and iMFV/mean blood pressure (MBP) (median: 0.97 vs. 0.79, P = 0.008) in END patients were higher than those of non-END. Using the receiver-operating characteristic curve to obtain cut-off values for PSV, PI, iMFV/cMFV, and iMFV/MBP for END, we found that PI ≥0.85 (odds ratio: 11.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.92-63.46, P = 0.007) and iMFV/MBP ≥0.84 (odds ratio: 9.20, 95% confidence interval: 2.07-40.84, P = 0.004) were independent predictors of END in a multivariate logistic regression model, with a sensitivity of 82.4% and 76.5% and a specificity of 42.9% and 66.7%, respectively, and had the positive predictive values of 29.0% and 38.2%, and negative predictive values of 90.0% and 91.3%, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.57 and 0.71, respectively.
TCD examination of EVT patients may be used as a real-time tool to detect END predictors, such as the higher PI and iMFV/MBP, allowing for better post-thrombectomy management in ACIS patients.
Journal Article
Soliton sheets of Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices
Soliton sheets are observed in Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattice which are formed by superposition of condensates occupying different single-particle states. These structures consist of one-dimensional stationary solitons distributed in the x -direction arranged continuously along the peaks of the optical lattice in the y -direction. Notably, the phase difference across the soliton sheets is periodic and varies linearly with y within each period. So, we refer to this configuration as a ‘soliton sheet’. A velocity difference in the y -component is observed between the two sides of the soliton sheets. Similar velocity distributions can be achieved by aligning an infinite number of isotropic vortices along the peaks of the optical lattice. And the soliton sheets are distinguished by their lack of dependence on phase singularities. This independence enables the formation of soliton sheets even in the absence of phase singularities, highlighting a unique aspect of this structure.
Journal Article
Inflammation-related adverse reactions following vaccination potentially indicate a stronger immune response
Concerns about vaccine safety are an important reason for vaccine hesitancy, however, limited information is available on whether common adverse reactions following vaccination affect the immune response. Data from three clinical trials of recombinant vaccines were used in this post hoc analysis to assess the correlation between inflammation-related solicited adverse reactions (ISARs, including local pain, redness, swelling or induration and systematic fever) and immune responses after vaccination. In the phase III trial of the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine (Cecolin®), the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) for IgG anti-HPV-16 and -18 (P<0.001) were significantly higher in participants with any ISAR following vaccination than in those without an ISAR. Local pain, induration, swelling and systemic fever were significantly correlated with higher GMCs for IgG anti-HPV-16 and/or anti-HPV-18, respectively. Furthermore, the analyses of the immunogenicity bridging study of Cecolin® and the phase III trial of a hepatitis E vaccine yielded similar results. Based on these results, we built a scoring model to quantify the inflammation reactions and found that the high score of ISAR indicates the strong vaccine-induced antibody level. In conclusion, this study suggests inflammation-related adverse reactions following vaccination potentially indicate a stronger immune response.
Journal Article
A review of multilevel analysis in hospitality management
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first is to review the extant literature on hospitality management by tracking past research patterns and critically reviewing the use of multilevel theory and techniques in this stream of research. The second is to suggest potential research opportunities to stimulate a leap forward in the current multilevel research.
Design/methodology/approach
To answer the four main research questions raised by the current review, the author performed a critical analysis of a total of 149 selected articles published between 2011 and 2021 in seven leading hospitality management journals.
Findings
Overall, the number of multilevel studies has increased significantly since 2017. However, some deficiencies remain: a lack of fit between the level of theory and the level of measurement, the revelation of insufficient information, misspecification of the multilevel model and small sample sizes at higher levels. Furthermore, several interesting and understudied topics are also identified as ripe for future investigation.
Research limitations/implications
In addition to encourage the scholars in hospitality management to assess the possibility of using the multilevel research design for their research topics, the current article also provides recommendations and opportunities for the future multilevel research.
Originality/value
This article is a pioneer in providing a critical synthesis of multilevel research in the field of hospitality management. Although reviews of the issues involved in multilevel research are available in the existing literature, none of them focuses on the situation and needs of hospitality management. As multilevel research increases in popularity, this review offers a snapshot of the introductory phase and outlines important issue in conducting such research.
Journal Article
Shift-work and breastfeeding for women returning to work in a manufacturing workplace in Taiwan
Background
Although breastfeeding-friendly workplaces are provided to promote an employed mother’s breastfeeding intention, few studies have explored breastfeeding intentions and behavior after a mother returns to work on a shift work or non-shift work schedule. To explore the impact of breastfeeding-friendly support on the intention of working mothers with different work schedules to continue breastfeeding, we conducted a survey at a female labor-intensive electronics manufacturer in Taiwan from August 2011 to April 2012.
Methods
Female workers who met the inclusion criteria (maternity leave between January 2009 and January 2011) were invited to participate in the survey. A structured questionnaire survey was administered to 715 working mothers employed at an electronics manufacturing plant in Tainan Science Park in Southern Taiwan. The questionnaire content included female employee demographic characteristics, employment characteristics, continued breastfeeding behavior after returning to work, access to lactation rooms, and employee perception of the breastfeeding policy and support when raising their most recently born child.
Results
A total of 715 employed mothers’ data were collected. Of the shift workers, 90.1% breastfed during maternity leave, but the breastfeeding rates after returning to work decreased to 21.5% for one to six months and 17.9% for more than six months. Of the non-shift workers, 87.6% breastfed during maternity leave and the breastfeeding rates after returning to work were 24.1% for one to six months and 34.6% for more than six months. Using a lactation room and taking advantage of breast-pumping breaks were significant factors for continuing to breastfeed one to six months after returning to work and more than six months after returning to work among shift workers and non-shift workers. In addition, among non-shift workers, a higher education level of the mother (odds ratio (OR) = 9.57) and partner support (OR = 4.89) had positive effects toward a mother continuing breastfeeding for more than six months after returning to work.
Conclusions
Workplaces or employers should provide more support to encourage employed mothers to take advantage of the breastfeeding room and breast-pumping breaks, enhance the frequency of the usage of lactation rooms, and increase the rate of continued breastfeeding.
Journal Article
Quantum-confinement and Structural Anisotropy result in Electrically-Tunable Dirac Cone in Few-layer Black Phosphorous
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are well-known to exhibit interesting phenomena due to quantum confinement. Here, we show that quantum confinement, together with structural anisotropy, result in an electric-field-tunable Dirac cone in 2D black phosphorus. Using density functional theory calculations, we find that an electric field,
E
e
x
t
, applied normal to a 2D black phosphorus thin film, can reduce the direct band gap of few-layer black phosphorus, resulting in an insulator-to-metal transition at a critical field,
E
c
. Increasing
E
e
x
t
beyond
E
c
can induce a Dirac cone in the system, provided the black phosphorus film is sufficiently thin. The electric field strength can tune the position of the Dirac cone and the Dirac-Fermi velocities, the latter being similar in magnitude to that in graphene. We show that the Dirac cone arises from an anisotropic interaction term between the frontier orbitals that are spatially separated due to the applied field, on different halves of the 2D slab. When this interaction term becomes vanishingly small for thicker films, the Dirac cone can no longer be induced. Spin-orbit coupling can gap out the Dirac cone at certain electric fields; however, a further increase in field strength reduces the spin-orbit-induced gap, eventually resulting in a topological-insulator-to-Dirac-semimetal transition.
Journal Article