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Despite efforts aimed at reducing the prehospital delay and treatment delay, a considerable proportion of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) present late and receive the reperfusion therapy after unacceptably long time periods. This study aimed at finding out the patients' decision delay, prehospital delay, door-to-electrocardiography (ECG), door-to-needle, and door-to-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) times and their determinants among STEMI patients. A cross-sectional study conducted among 96 patients with STEMI admitted in a tertiary care center in South India. The data were collected using interview of the patients and review of records. The distribution of the data was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the comparisons of the patients' decision delay, prehospital delay, and time to start reperfusion therapy with the different variables were done using Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test based on the number of groups. The mean (standard deviation) and median (range) age of the participants were 55 (11) years and 57 (51) years, respectively. The median patients' decision delay, prehospital delay, door-to-ECG, door-to-needle, and door-to-primary PCI times were 75, 290, 12, 75, 110 min, respectively. Significant factors associated ( < 0.05) with patients' decision delay were alcoholism, symptom progression, and attempt at symptom relief measures at home. Prehospital delay was significantly associated ( < 0.05) with domicile, difficulty in arranging money, prior consultation at study center, place of symptom onset, symptom interpretation, and mode of transportation. The prehospital delay time among the South Indian population is still unacceptably high. Public education, improving the systems of prehospital care, and measures to improve the patient flow and management in the emergency department are essentially required. The time taken to take ECG and to initiate reperfusion therapy in this study points to scope for improvement to meet the American Heart Association recommended timings.

There are various methods to determine in situ stress parameters, but each method is having its own advantages and limitations. Among the methods available, the hydraulic fracturing method is the most commonly adopted procedure for in situ stress measurements because of its simplicity, reliability and economic viability. But, the limitations with this technique are that some assumptions implicit for this method such as that the rock mass is continuous and elastic. Moreover, the reliability and validity of this method becomes questionable in porous rocks that may encounter in underground tunnels. These limitations are experienced ever since the introduction of this method, especially in porous rocks. In general, the recognition of fracture initiation in the hydraulic fracturing test has not proved difficult. The relatively slow rates of pressurisation have ensured that when fracture initiation occurs, the sudden increase in volume has led to a marked drop in pressure in the porous section, which is easily recognised from the pressure record (Sjoberg et al. in Int J Rock Mech 40:999–1010, 2003 ). But the drop-in pressure in a porous rock is far more difficult to recognise. This is since pressure cannot be developed if the rate of leakage in the formation is equal to or higher than the flow rate applied for fracture initiation. This problem of non-generation of water pressure can be tackled by use of a high viscosity fluid. Stress measurement were conducted by hydraulic fracturing method by using high viscous liquid in porous rocks. The stresses evaluated by this technique were correlated with stress measured by overcoring method. The stress measured by overcoring method was used as bench-mark as this method does not suffer from the presence of porosity of the rock. This new technique will be helpful in conducting the stress measurements in porous rocks, which will be highly beneficial to both mining and hydropower related excavation.

Background. Elder abuse is a neglected problem and needs to be addressed to improve the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly. We aimed to study the correlates of elder abuse in rural Puducherry. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional, communitybased study among all the elderly people (60 years and above), from one of the four villages of a rural primary health centre in Puducherry. Participants were contacted at their homes. After obtaining consent, data were collected using (i) a structured, pre-tested questionnaire on sociodemographic details; (ii) elder abuse using the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test; and (iii) QoL using WHO QoL-BREF. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of elder abuse. Results. Of the 243 elderly individuals studied, 63% were women. The prevalence of elder abuse was 50.2%. On multivariable analysis, elderly with higher education status were found to have lower odds for suffering from abuse (primary education odds ratio [OR] 0.39 [0.18-0.84]; middle school OR 0.35 [0.14-0.86]; high school OR 0.08 [0.01-0.4]) compared to those with no formal education and those above 80 years of age were found to have higher odds for abuse (OR 3.02 [1.1-7.9]) compared to those <80 years, after adjusting for confounders such as sex, socioeconomic status, marital status and living arrangement. Conclusion. Half the elderly in our sample suffered from abuse. The higher age group and absence of formal education emerged as independent predictors of elder abuse.

In rice, grain filling is a crucial stage where asynchronous filling of the pollinated spikelet’s of the panicle occurs. It can influence both grain quality and yield. In rice grain, starch is the dominant component and contains amylose and amylopectin. Amylose content is the chief cooking quality parameter, however, rice varieties having similar amylose content varied in other parameters. Hence, in this study, a set of varieties varying in yield (04) and another set (12) of varieties that are similar in amylose content with variation in gel consistency and alkali spreading value were used. Panicles were collected at various intervals and analysed for individual grain weight and quantities of amylose and amylopectin. Gas exchange parameters were measured in varieties varying in yield. Upper branches of the panicles were collected from rice varieties having similar amylose content and were subjected to gene expression analysis with fourteen gene specific primers of starch synthesis. Results indicate that grain filling was initiated simultaneously in multiple branches. Amylose and amylopectin quantities increased with the increase in individual grain weight. However, the pattern of regression lines of amylose and amylopectin percentages with increase in individual grain weight varied among the varieties. Gas exchange parameters like photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 and transpiration rate decreased with the increase in grain filling period in both good and poor yielding varieties. However, they decreased more in poor yielders. Expression of fourteen genes varied among the varieties and absence of SBE2b can be responsible for medium or soft gel consistency.

Exploiting yield heterosis under low soil phosphorus (P) inputs is a possible strategy for enhancing rice productivity and resource use efficiency in the changing climate scenario. In the present study, Line (L) × Tester (T) analysis was conducted with five restorers, three maintainer lines and 15 derived hybrids. The hybrids and parents were evaluated for two wet seasons ( Kharif - 2017 and 2019) across the graded levels of applied P (low—P20 kg ha −1 ; Moderate—P40 kg ha −1 ; Normal—P60 kgha −1 ). Pooled analysis across years revealed highly significant variances in the interaction of the General Combining Ability (GCA) of parents and the Specific Combining Ability (SCA) of hybrids with a predominance of non-additive genetic variance. Testers contributed higher variation for the key traits under graded P conditions. Among the parental lines, CRMS32B showed strong GCA effects for single plant yield (SPY) and number of productive tillers per plant (NPTP), while IR79156B was promising for spikelet fertility percentage (SFP). Among testers, ATR305 and TCP795 exhibited significant GCA effects for SPY, SFP and NPTP and early flowering. The Hybrids, H14 (CRMS32A × ATR226) showed the highest SCA effects for NPTP, SPY and SFP, while H10 (IR79156A × TCP795) exhibited significant SCA effect for earliness. Compared to standard check variety Kasalath, the hybrids demonstrated a 120 to 200% heterosis gain across the graded P levels for the key traits. AMMI analysis identified hybrids, H3 (APMS6A × ATR305), H13 (CRMS32A × ATR305) and H11 (CRMS32A × AYT21) as highly stable performers across graded P levels, while H14 (CRMS32A × ATR226) with moderate stability. The present findings highlight the breeding rice hybrids suited for low P conditions to improve phosphorus use efficiency and ensure yield stability under resource-constrained environments.

Recent predictions on climate change indicate that high temperature episodes are expected to impact rice production and productivity worldwide. The present investigation was undertaken to assess the yield stability of 72 rice hybrids and their parental lines across three temperature regimes over two consecutive dry seasons using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), genotype and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) stability model analysis. The combined ANOVA revealed that genotype × environment interaction (GEI) were significant due to the linear component for most of the traits studied. The AMMI and GGE biplot explained 57.2% and 69% of the observed genotypic variation for grain yield, respectively. Spikelet fertility was the most affected yield contributing trait and in contrast, plant height and tiller numbers were the least affected traits. In case of spikelet fertility, grain yield and other yield contributing traits, male parent contributed towards heat tolerance of the hybrids compared to the female parent. The parental lines G74 (IR58025B), G83 (IR40750R), G85 (C20R) and hybrids [G21 (IR58025A × KMR3); G3 (APMS6A × KMR3); G57 (IR68897A × KMR3) and G41 (IR79156A × RPHR1005)] were the most stable across the environments for grain yield. They can be considered as potential genotypes for cultivation under high temperature stress after evaluating under multi location trials.

To identify the genomic regions for yield and NUE of rice genotypes and lines with promising yield under low N, a recombinant inbred population (RIL) developed between BPT5204 (a mega variety known for its quality) and PTB1 (variety with high NUE) was evaluated for consecutive wet and dry seasons under low nitrogen (LN) and recommended nitrogen (RN) field conditions. A set of 291 RILs were characterized for 24 traits related to leaf, agro-morphological, yield, N content and nitrogen use efficiency indices. More than 50 RILs were found promising with grain yield >10 g under LN. Parental polymorphism survey with 297 SSRs and selective genotyping revealed five genomic regions associated with yield under LN, which were further saturated with polymorphic SSRs. Thirteen promising SSRs were identified out of 144 marker trait associations under LN using single marker analysis. Composite interval mapping showed 37 QTL under LN with five pleiotropic QTL. A major stable pleiotropic (RM13201-RM13209) from PTB1 spanning 825.4 kb region associated with straw N % (SNP) in both treatments across seasons and yield and yield related traits in WS appears to be promising for the MAS. Another major QTL (RM13181-RM13201) was found to be associated with only relative trait parameters of biomass, grain and grain nitrogen. These two major pleiotropic QTL (RM13201-RM13209 and RM13181-RM13201) on chromosome 2 were characterized for their positive allele effect and could be deployed for the development of rice varieties with NUE.

The development of nutrient-use efficient rice lines is a priority amidst the changing climate and depleting resources viz., water, land, and labor for achieving sustainability in rice cultivation. Along with the traditional transplanted irrigated system of cultivation, the dry direct-seeded aerobic system is gaining ground nationwide. The root-related traits play a crucial role in nutrient acquisition, adaptation and need to be concentrated along with the yield-attributing traits. We phenotyped an association panel of 118 rice lines for seedling vigour index (SVI) traits at 14 and 21 days after sowing (DAS), root-related traits at panicle initiation (PI) stage in polythene bags under controlled aerobic condition, yield and yield-related traits under the irrigated condition at ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad, Telangana; irrigated and aerobic conditions at ARS, Dhadesugur, Raichur, Karnataka. The panel was genotyped using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and genome-wide association studies were conducted for identifying marker–trait associations (MTAs). Significant correlations were recorded for root length, root dry weight with SVI, root volume at the PI stage, number of productive tillers per plant, spikelet fertility, the total number of grains per panicle with grain yield per plant under irrigated conditions, and the total number of grains per panicle with grain yield per plant under aerobic condition. The panel was divided into three sub-groups (K = 3) and correlated with the principal component analysis. The maximum number of MTAs were found on chromosomes 2, 3, and 12 with considerable phenotypic variability. Consistent MTAs were recorded for SVI traits at 14 and 21 DAS (RM25310, RM80, RM22961, RM1385), yield traits under irrigated conditions (RM2584, RM5179, RM410, RM20698, RM14753) across years at ICAR-IIRR, grain yield per plant (RM22961, RM1146) under the aerobic condition, grain yield per plant at irrigated ICAR-IIRR and SVI (RM5501), root traits at PI stage (RM2584, RM80, RM410, RM1146, RM18472). Functionally relevant genes near the MTAs through in-silico expression analysis in root and panicle tissues viz., HBF2 bZIP transcription factor, WD40 repeat-like domain, OsPILS6a auxin efflux carrier, WRKY108, OsSCP42, OsMADS80 , nodulin-like domain-containing protein, amino acid transporter using various rice expression databases were identified. The identified MTAs and rice lines having high SVI traits (Langphou, TI-128, Mouli, TI-124, JBB-631-1), high yield under aerobic (Phouren, NPK-43, JBB-684, Ratnamudi, TI-112), irrigated conditions (KR-209, KR-262, Phouren, Keibi-Phou, TI-17), robust root traits like root length (MoirangPhou-Angouba, Wangoo-Phou, JBB-661, Dissi, NPK-45), root volume (Ratnachudi, KJ-221, Mow, Heimang-Phou, PUP-229) can be further employed in breeding programs for the targeted environments aimed at improving seedling vigour, yield-related traits under irrigated condition, aerobic condition as adaptability to water-saving technology.