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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets with different energy sources on physiological responses in sheep. This study used 16 sheep which were allocated into completely randomized block design with four treatments and four replicates. The treatments were T1 = Ration contained forages 100%, T2 = Ration contained forages 40% + concentrate 30% + cassava flour 30%, T3 = Ration contained forages 40% + concentrate 50.3% + palm oil 9.7%, and T4 = Ration contained forages 40% + concentrate 50.3% + canola oil 9.7%. The variables measured were rectal temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, hematocrit, water intake and fecal dry matter. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and any significant results were further tested using Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that different energy sources in the diet significantly affected (p<0.05) respiration rate, but did not affect heart rate, rectal temperature, water intake, fecal dry matter and hematocrit value. It is concluded that cassava flour increase respiration rate of sheep higher than those supplemented with palm oil and canola oil. There are no differences in other physiological responses among the three treatments.

Energy has an important role in metabolic processes. Dietary energy sources can be in the form of carbohydrates or fat. This study aimed to elaborate the performance and blood metabolites of ewes fed cassava, palm oil or canola oil. Sixteen ewes were divided into four groups of four treatments, namely T1 = 100% grass; T2 = 40% grass + 30% concentrate + 30% cassava; T3 = 40% grass + 50.3% concentrate + 9.7% palm oil; T4 = 40% grass + 50.3% concentrate + 9.7% canola oil. Randomized block design was used and data were analyzed using analysis of variance and any differences were furthered tested by Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that feeding with different energy sources significantly (P<0.05) had a significant effect on feed consumption and digestibility, weight gain, and feed utilization efficiency. The feed consumption of 100% grass ration (T1) was significantly higher than the other treatments. Diet with 30% cassava (T2) had significantly different feed digestibility and performance from the 100% grass and oil treatment. The blood cholesterol content of sheep fed with oil (T3 and T4) was higher than that given 100% grass (T1) and 30% cassava (T2). However, there were no differences among the treatment on blood glucose and protein concentration. It is concluded that the provision of 30% cassava resulted in better sheep performance and lower blood cholesterol levels compared to feeding with an energy source in the form of oil.

This research aimed to evaluate the use of Ca-Soap from black soldier fly (BSF) larvae oil on physiological responses and hematology of male Garut sheep. Fifteen male Garut sheep were allocated into randomized block design with three treatments and five replicates. The treatments were T 0 (control), T 1 = T 0 + 4% Ca-soap, and T 2 = T 0 + 8% Ca-soap. The parameters observed included physiological responses, hematology, and water intake. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and any significant differences were further tested using Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the supplementation of 8% Ca-soap of BSF larvae oil into the ration caused the respiration rate in the morning to be lower ( P < 0.05) compared to control. Treatment had no effect on rectal temperature and heart rate of male Garut sheep. Hematological profiles were not affected by treatments, except that Ca-soap supplementation increased ( P < 0.05) lymphocyte count, but decreased ( P < 0.05) the neutrophiles/lymphocytes (N/L) ratio of male Garut sheep. Water intake was not affected by Ca-soap supplementation. This study concluded that Ca-soap of BSF larvae oil can be used up to 8% in the ration without any adverse effects. Even, it can improve the immune system of male Garut sheep.

Fat is a source of energy for livestock, with low heat metabolic, but dietary fat had negative impact for rumen fermentation. Calcium soap can protect fat for ruminant. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of rumen fermentation in Garut sheep fed with suplements of BSF ( Hermetia illucens ) oil and BSF Calcium soap. This research used fifteen male Garut sheep with an average body weight of 29.90 ± 3.71 kg. This research used randomized block design consisting of three treatments and five replicates. The treatments were diet without supplementation BSF oil or Calcium soap (P1), diet with BSF oil suplementation 4% (P2) and diet with BSF Calcium soap suplementation 4% (P3). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further test with Duncan test. The analysis showed that the rumen pH value, ammonia concentration, and protozoa population in the rumen were not affected by the treatments. Concentration of VFA and population of rumen bacteria were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments. The total VFA concentration of P3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than P1 and P2. Rumen bacteria population of P3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than P1 and or P2. It can be concluded that supplementation of BSF Calcium soap improve rumen fermentation indicated by higher VFA concentration and bacteria population in the rumen.

We aimed to evaluate nutrient intake, performance and rumen fermentation of sheep fed cassava leaf silage (CLS). Sixteen growing Java thin-tailed male sheep (body weight (BW) 20.4 ± 1.9 kg) were fed one of the following dietary treatments: T0 (100 % forage); T1 (100 % chopped forage); T2 (80 % chopped forage + 20 % concentrate); and T3 (80 % chopped forage + 20 % CLS). Nutrient intake, production performance and rumen fermentation characteristics were measured. There was no significant effect on the consumption of dry matter, whereas there was a significant effect ( P  < 0.05) on the consumption of crude protein, fat, crude fibre and total digestible nutrients. Concentrate or CLS at a 20 % level could increase BW and feed efficiency. No significant difference was observed in total bacteria; however, concentrate could increase total protozoa ( P  < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acids were higher in T2 than in T3, but ammonia concentration was higher in T3 than in T2. In conclusion, feeding 20 % cassava leaf silage greatly improved sheep performance, approaching that achieved by feeding concentrate.

Vinasse-molasses, the residue of condensed molasses is a co-product of sugar production. It is not reused in manufacturing process and become polluted. However, Its contents of 48-60% of sugar and high in potassium and sulphates. This study was to evaluate Vinasse-molasses utilization as a replacer of molasses in finishing ration on the growth performance of Peranakan Ongole Cattle. A total of 10 Peranakan Ongole cattle (initial body weight of 209 ± 21 kg) were assigned to molasses group or Vinasse-molasses group. The experiment period was lasted 68 days, preceded by 14 days adaptation period. The experimental diet was composed of 20% forage and 80% concentrate containing 15% molasses or Vinasse-molasses. Parameters observed including final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), total dry matter intake (DMI), forage intake, concentrate intake, feed efficiency (FE), and income over feed cost (IOFC). The Vinasse-molasses reduced (P<0.05) DMI and concentrate intake followed by IOFC increased (P<0.01) of cattle. However, Vinasse-molasses did not affect (P>0.05) FBW, ADG, forage intake, and FE. It can be concluded that Vinasse-molasses can be utilize as feed ingredient to replace molasses in finishing ration to support the sustainability of beef production.

This in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the ruminal performances of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-diet (containing PUFA with 80% concentrate and 20% King grass) supplemented with yeast and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. Experimental design was completely randomized block design of 4 x 4 with ruminal liquor derived from 4 slaughtered goats and 4 treatments (PD0-no supplement, PDY- 0.5% yeast, PDC-2% curcuma, and PDM- 0.5% yeast + 2% curcuma). Variables measured were pH, N-NH3, total and partial VFA (volatile fatty acid), protozoa population, and CH4 (methane). Results showed that the lowest (P<0.05) organic (59.63%) and dry matter (58.00%) digestibilities were found in PDM. In in vitro, this diet was also showing quantitatively low in N-NH3 (8.73 mM) and protozoa population (7.90±4.09 103 cfu/mL). On the other hand, it showed numerically high in VFA production (45.27 mM) and pH (6.74), yet low in CH4 (13.43% v/v). Based on these data, PDM was considered the most potential diet to improve nutrient metabolism in rumen of goat, in vitro.

Our previous study showed that the addition of water extracted beluntas leaf into drinking water could be used as an anti-stress and improved performance of broiler chicken. However, the addition was only up to 10% of drinking water. The objective of this experiment was to study whether the addition of sugar and water extracted beluntas leaf in levels higher than 10% of drinking water can give greater benefit on performances and meat cholesterol content of broiler. Two hundred sixteen DOCs CP707 strain were reared for four weeks in high stocking density of 15 birds/m2. The birds were subjected to experimental drinking waters with or without water extracted beluntas leaf (v/v) and sugar which is consisted of T1 (only drinking water), T2 (drinking water + commercial antistress), T3 (drinking water + 10% extract of beluntas leaf ), T4 (drinking water + 20% extract of beluntas leaf), T5 (drinking water + 40% extract of beluntas leaf), T6 (drinking water + 80% extract of beluntas leaf), T7 (drinking water + 40% extract of beluntas leaf + 1.6% sugar), and T8 (drinking water 80% extract of beluntas leaf + 3.1% sugar). The results showed that water extracted beluntas leaf addition higher than 10% significantly reduced (P< 0.05) body weight gain, final body weight, and increased (P< 0.05) feed conversion ratio. It is concluded that the addition of water extracted beluntas leaf more than 10% into drinking water cannot give greater benefit on performances as an antistress of broiler. Sugar addition cannot help the disadvantage due to the bitter taste of higher level of water extracted beluntas leaf addition.

The aims of this experiment was to study the inhibition effect of betel leaf meal (BLM) addition into concentrate diet on mastitis causing bacteria and on rumen fermentation condition. The study consisted of five dietary treatments of BLM level in concentrate feed, i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% and four replicates of each treatment. The treatment diets together with napier grass in ratio of 40 : 60 were fermented using rumen liquor. All treatments were examined their antibacterial activity before and after fermentation. After four hours fermentation, supernatant of each samples were analyzed for VFA, NH3, number of bacteria and protozoa. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were analyzed after 48 h fermentation. The results showed that before fermentation, 8% BLM addition caused the bigest (P<0.05) inhibition diameter of Staphylococcus spp. growth compared to other lower levels. However after fermentation there were no significant differences among the addition levels of BLM. Two per cent of BLM addition produced higher VFA (P<0.05) than the other addition levels. Ammoniaconcentration, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were not different among the treatments. Addition of BLM significantly (P<0.01) decreased protozoa number, but did not affect bacterial count. It is concluded that the addition of 2% BLM in concentrate feed can be used effectively to inhibit the growth of mastitis causing bacteria (Staphylococcus spp.) and does not disturb rumen fermentation condition.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary addition Pluchea indicaL. leaf meal on performances and meat cholesterol content of broiler. One hundred sixty two DOC CP707 strain were reared for four weeks in high stocking density of 15 birds/m2. The birds were fed experimental diets consisted of R1 (commercial feed + Vitastress), R2 (commercial feed + 2% P. indicaleaf meal), R3 (commercial feed + 4% P. indicaleaf meal), R4 (commercial feed + 6% P. indicaleaf meal), and R5 (commercial feed + 8% P. indicaleaf meal). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and any significant differences were further tested using least significance difference (LSD) test. The treatment significantly increased (P< 0.05) final body weight, body weight gain, feed and water intake, and decreased (P< 0.05) feed conversion ratio. It is concluded that P. indica leaf meal could be added into a diet at the level of 2%. P. indica leaf meal addition at the level of 2% into a diet is also able to decrease the cholesterol content of broiler meat up to 8%.