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The TSS in Ciletuh Bay originates from the Ci Leutuh and Ci Marinjung estuaries. This study aimed to analyze the effect of changes in watershed land cover and oceanographic factors (salinity, bathymetry, sea surface currents) on the distribution of TSS and the relationship between TSS and shrimp catch activity. This research uses remote sensing method, Budhiman Algorithm for TSS, Cilamaya Algorithm for salinity, and Maximum Likelihood Classification for watershed land cover. The results show that sea surface currents and changes in watershed land cover (forest, bare land, and shrub) affect the distribution of TSS in Ciletuh Bay. The relationship between TSS with salinity and bathymetry is negatively correlated. The existence of TSS in Ciletuh Bay causes the dominance of muddy waters so that it becomes a habitat for various types of Penaeid shrimp. The types of penaeid shrimp that are mostly caught in Ciletuh Bay are rebon shrimp and endok shrimp.

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecule produced by microorganisms and have several advantages over the chemical surfactants. The objective of this research was to obtain biosurfactant-producing bacteria from hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Jakarta Bay and to observe their biosurfactant activity through emulsification capacity and surface tension reduction capability. Overall, 19 isolates were screened for biosurfactant production by hemolysis assay, drop collapse assay and oil spreading assay. The result showed that 13 strains gave positive results on the screening tests and were determined as biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Three strains (TKY 3, TKY 14 and TKY 19) had the best biosurfactant activity. The lowest surface tension value was achieved by two strains (TKY 19 and TKY 14) with the same value of 37,84±1,45 mN/m.

Envenoming is one of major health threat especially in developing countries. Basic principles in management of the patient are prompt and accurate identification; addressing immediate life-threatening condition, assess airway, breathing and circulation and support as indicated with emphasis on prioritizing management of impaired cardiac and or respiratory function. Identification of injury should able to address the possibility of envenoming and whether anti-venom is available. First aid management is crucial in preventing venom spread and the next step in hospital emergency room. Anti-venom available for selective envenoming and region should be introduced in significant signs present. Preventive measures from envenoming should be incorporated in travel medicine consultation.

This study aims to get the isolates of mold that can potentially produce cellulase enzyme. This research was conducted in December 2017 until January 2018 in Microbiology Laboratory of Universitas Negeri Jakarta. The screening test of potential isolates producing cellulase enzymes was performed on 31 isolates of UNJCC in CDA medium with addition of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) substrate and testing of clear zone formation using 0.1% congo red reagent. From the result of the research, there are 18 potential mold isolates which can produce cellulase enzyme. 3 isolates which have the highest Cellulolytic index are isolate A17, K4, and 1 which have cellulolytic index value of 1.03, 0.32, 0.29. From macroscopic and microscopic identification it can be assumed that the coded isolates of K4 and A17 belong to the genus Aspergillus, while, isolates code 1 belong to the genus Penicillium. Forming the clear zone on CMC subtrate with dropped congo red reagent it because congo red reagent can bind strongly with polysaccharides containing β (1-4) D-glucopyranosyl bonds. And the ability of clear zone formation on CMC substrates shows the presence of enzyme endo-β-1,4 glucanase (CMCase) that can breaks off the β -1,4-glycosidic bond linking D-glucose monomer to CMC.

Foodborne disease is a global threat that can affect all sections of society, both in developed or developing countries . Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive bacteria that can cause food poisoning disease in humans. [2] Real-Time PCR detection method is one of the molecular marker methods that has been widely recognized as a fast, reliable, sensitive and specific detection tool for detecting pathogenic bacteria. In previous studies, the optimum condition and formulas applied for cyt-K 2 primer pairs have been obtained using Real-Time PCR. The purpose of this study is to find out the best conditions work of the primer pair cyt-K Bacillus cereus on detecting bacteria target using variations of pre-denaturation time and primer concentration with Real-Time PCR method. The annealing temperature used for PCR is at 60°C with sample concentration 50 ng/µL of B. cereus . Real-time PCR detection of variations in pre-denaturation time and primer concentration obtained the best conditions for primer pair cyt-K work at minute 4 with a primer concentration of 10 pmol and successfully amplifying the target by producing a Ct value of B. cereus at 13.04. Based on the results of the study, the primer pair cyt-K were reproducible in detecting the target gene and in the further step, this research can be continued to developed a prototype detection kit for foodborne pathogen bacteria using Real-Time PCR method.

Groundwater is one of natural water resource that most commonly used to support the human activity. It plays an important role in shaping both physical and non-physical urban development aspect. The different availability of groundwater supply could lead into the different development rates of each area, especially in Java. The correlation between the existence of groundwater basin (CAT) and its influence to urban development could be used as base consideration to propose the development typology. Defining development typologies and what variable could distinct the developments in CAT and non-CAT area using discriminant analysis and remote sensing approach. Furthermore, there are three stages need to observe, i.e.: identify urban-rural area delineation change, defines development rates, and the last is defining discriminate variable which have significantly different means across the urban development in CAT and Non-CAT area. The observation reveals that in order to find the correlation between CAT existence and development rate, the eight-development typology has been establish. The typology is conduct regard to the development rate that categorizes in zero growth, slow growth, moderate growth, and fast growth both in CAT and Non-CAT. While, according to the result of discriminant analysis there are six variables that could distinct the urban developments in CAT and non-CAT, i.e.: proportion of dry land farm, status area, wet-land farm, built up area, agricultural household, and road density.

Amylase (E.C.3.2.1.1) are the enzyme that works as catalyst in the hydrolysis of starch into simple monomers. Amylase enzymes are widely used in various industrial fields such as textile, food, paper and other industries. Compared to other organisms, yeasts can produce enzymes more effectively and safer for the environment. Amylolytic yeast can be isolated from flower substrates as it contains sugar for the very limited condition of yeast growth. This study aims to isolate, select and characterize amylolytic yeasts on the substrate of Paphiopedilum sp. from Bedugul Botanical Garden, Bali. Yeast isolation was carried out with direct and washing method, followed by screening conducted on YPSA medium with diffusion agar method. Results showed that 19 yeast isolates were obtained with characteristics of 73.9% white-mucoid, 21.05% cream-mucoid and 5.26% light flesh-mucoid. Screening results showed that 10 isolates which coded by P1, P4, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15 and P19, were able to produce amylase enzyme. The potential yeast isolates in yielding amylase with P12 isolate codes had amylolytic index 0,45 mm. from this research, it can be found the symbiosis between yeasts and plants are happening in certain ways.

Mold is one of the microorganisms that can cause damage in chocolate fruit by producing phytopathogenic toxins. Until now, pesticides have been widely used for controlling postharvest loss in fruit. Yeasts can produce secondary metabolites, which can inhibit the growth of pathogenic mold. In this study, we isolate, identify, and apply yeasts isolated from fermented cocoa beans to control the growth of pathogenic mold in chocolate fruit collected from Sentul, Indonesia. This research includes yeast isolation using the dilution method with YMA medium, mold isolation using direct planting method on PDA medium, screening ability to produce cellulase using diffusion method on CMC medium, and in-vitro antagonist testing using dual culture method on PDA medium. The results showed that 128 yeast isolates and 37 mold isolates were obtained in this study. The results of screening representative cellulase capability of 77 yeast obtained 6 positive yeast isolates produced cellulase with the highest cellulolytic index of 0.23-0.30. The 6-yeast antagonism test with the highest cellulolytic index showed that C3.3.1 isolate had the best ability to inhibit pathogenic molds with 37.36% inhibitory power.

The research was conducted to determine the performance of Sauyunan Agribusiness Microfinance Institutions (LKMA) and its Sustainability in rawaichilli farming at Cikeusal Village, Talaga District, Majalengka Regency. The quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive research methods was applied by involving 71 respondents. The results showed that the performance of LKMA was shown by the level of liquidity of 189.9%. The level of solvency was below standard and the ratio of debt to equity was only 24.125%, while the ratio of debt to total assets was above the standard (35%). LKMA Sauyunan was not profitable for the ratio of Net Profit Margin (NPM) 28.75%, Return On Assets (ROA) 5.05%, Return On Equity (ROE)10.95%, Return On Investment (ROI) 5.05% below the 30% standard. This finding concludes that rawaichilli farming could not be sustainable and urgently requires an innovation to improve community-based agribusiness microfinance by adopting various best-practice experiences in a number of microfinance institutions.

Contamination by pathogenic mold in postharvest cocoa beans becomes a significant concern by most Indonesian farmers. Pathogenic mold can cause damage to cocoa beans by such as rotting diseases in fruit. One alternative that can be used to control pathogenic mold is using biological agents such as yeasts. Some group of yeasts can produce cellulase enzyme that can degrade cellulose, and it can possibly break the cell wall with of mold which composed of semi-crystalline chitin, p-need, and cellulose. This study aims to determine the yeast originated from fermented cocoa beans which can produce cellulase enzymes and their potential ability as a biocontrol for pathogenic molds in chocolate fruit. This study includes yeast isolation from fermented beans, screening of yeast isolates that produce cellulase enzymes, and in-vitro antagonistic testing against pathogenic molds on chocolate fruit. The results showed that there were 21 yeast isolates from fermented cocoa beans, and among all, there were five isolates which can produce cellulase enzymes, namely isolate C4.-3.3, C4.-3.13, C4.-4.9, C4.-4.10, and C4.-5.9. Yeast isolate C4.-4.10 can produce cellulase enzymes with an index of 0.32 U/mL. This research showed that the 5 yeast isolates have the low category of cellulase enzyme, and further study is needed to be done to confirm their ability to act as a biocontrol agent.